{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:23:55Z","timestamp":1774506235970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The key to the diagnosis of ocular motor disorders is a systematic clinical examination of the different types of eye movements, including eye position, spontaneous nystagmus, range of eye movements, smooth pursuit, saccades, gaze-holding function, vergence, optokinetic nystagmus, as well as testing of the function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and visual fixation suppression of the VOR. This is like a window which allows you to look into the brain stem and cerebellum even if imaging is normal. Relevant anatomical structures are the midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum and rarely the cortex. There is a simple clinical rule: vertical and torsional eye movements are generated in the midbrain, horizontal eye movements in the pons. For example, isolated dysfunction of vertical eye movements is due to a midbrain lesion affecting the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), with impaired vertical saccades only or vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus due to dysfunction of the Interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC). Lesions of the lateral medulla oblongata (Wallenberg syndrome) lead to typical findings: ocular tilt reaction, central fixation nystagmus and dysmetric saccades. The cerebellum is relevant for almost all types of eye movements; typical pathological findings are saccadic smooth pursuit, gaze-evoked nystagmus or dysmetric saccades. The time course of the development of symptoms and signs is important for the diagnosis of underlying diseases: acute: most likely stroke; subacute: inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases like thiamine deficiencies; chronic progressive: inherited diseases like Niemann-Pick type C with typically initially vertical and then horizontal saccade palsy or degenerative diseases like progressive supranuclear palsy. Treatment depends on the underlying disease. In this article, we deal with central ocular motor disorders. In a second article, we focus on clinically relevant types of nystagmus such as downbeat, upbeat, fixation pendular, gaze-evoked, infantile or periodic alternating nystagmus. Therefore, these types of nystagmus will not be described here in detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1654-0632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T23:32:33Z","timestamp":1637105553000},"page":"1197-1211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Central Ocular Motor Disorders: Clinical and Topographic Anatomical Diagnosis, Syndromes and Underlying Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9544-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Leo","family":"Strupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologische Klinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Deutschland"},{"name":"Deutsches Schwindel- und Gleichgewichtszentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Straumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Neurologie, Universit\u00e4tsspital Z\u00fcrich, Schweiz"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Helmchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologische Klinik der Universit\u00e4t zu L\u00fcbeck, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199969289.001.0001","volume-title":"The Neurology of Eye Movements. 5th ed","author":"R J Leigh","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-61397-9","volume-title":"Vertigo \u2013 Leitsymptom Schwindel","author":"M Strupp","year":"2022","edition":"3. Aufl."},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7385-9","article-title":"Central ocular motor disorders, including gaze palsy and nystagmus","volume":"261","author":"M Strupp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-018-0992-8","article-title":"What Is Behind Cerebellar Vertigo and Dizziness?","volume":"18","author":"K Feil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02812.x","article-title":"The contribution of midbrain circuits in the control of gaze","volume":"956","author":"U Buttner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.2.482","article-title":"Contralesionally beating torsional nystagmus in a unilateral rostral midbrain lesion","volume":"47","author":"C Helmchen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002660","article-title":"Teaching Video NeuroImages: The \u201eround the houses\u201c sign as a clinical clue for Niemann-Pick disease type C","volume":"86","author":"H Eggink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14955","article-title":"A cross-sectional, prospective ocular motor study in 72 patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C","volume":"28","author":"T Bremova-Ertl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.10.030","article-title":"The \u201cround the houses\u201d sign and \u201czig-zag\u201d sign in progressive supranuclear palsy and other conditions","volume":"81","author":"C Fearon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000038387.90128.8D","article-title":"Localizing value of torsional nystagmus in small midbrain lesions","volume":"59","author":"C Helmchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050359","article-title":"Deficits in vertical and torsional eye movements after uni- and bilateral muscimol inactivation of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal of the alert monkey","volume":"119","author":"C Helmchen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1263","article-title":"Convergence retraction nystagmus: a disorder of vergence?","volume":"50","author":"H Rambold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011007","article-title":"Clinical Reasoning: A 48-year-old man presenting with diplopia","author":"N K Pehere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520480105028","article-title":"Vertical one-and-a-half syndrome. Supranuclear downgaze paralysis with monocular elevation palsy","volume":"46","author":"D Deleu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.12.1106","article-title":"Saccade deficits after a unilateral lesion affecting the superior colliculus","volume":"54","author":"C Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1702","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009290","article-title":"Clinical, ocular motor, and imaging profile of Niemann-Pick type C heterozygosity","volume":"94","author":"T Bremova-Ertl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256819.61531.98","article-title":"Novel prion protein gene mutation presenting with subacute PSP-like syndrome","volume":"68","author":"D B Rowe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.4.532","article-title":"Whipple\u02bcs disease mimicking progressive supranuclear palsy: the diagnostic value of eye movement recording","volume":"66","author":"L Averbuch-Heller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.009","article-title":"Midbrain atrophy in patients with presymptomatic progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson\u02bcs syndrome","volume":"66","author":"J H Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02848.x","article-title":"Small vertical saccades have normal speeds in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)","volume":"956","author":"L Averbuch-Heller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1972.35.4.445","article-title":"Activity of brain stem neurons during eye movements of alert monkeys","volume":"35","author":"E S Luschei","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"19","article-title":"The cortical projection to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the rhesus monkey","volume":"38","author":"P Brodal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125331.95849.62","article-title":"Vergence deficits in pontine lesions","volume":"62","author":"H Rambold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3732-12.2013","article-title":"Diversity of neural responses in the brainstem during smooth pursuit eye movements constrains the circuit mechanisms of neural integration","volume":"33","author":"M Joshua","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10127","article-title":"Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus and to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus in macaques: a dual retrograde tracing study","volume":"444","author":"C Distler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903490105","article-title":"Visual pontocerebellar projections in the macaque","volume":"349","author":"M Glickstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01005.2003","article-title":"Gaze-related response properties of DLPN and NRTP neurons in the rhesus macaque","volume":"91","author":"S Ono","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241532","article-title":"Second-order vestibular neuron morphology of the extra-MLF anterior canal pathway in the cat","volume":"97","author":"Y Uchino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318183bd73","article-title":"Upbeat nystagmus from a demyelinating lesion in the caudal pons","volume":"28","author":"C Tilikete","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2353","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011234","article-title":"Teaching Video NeuroImages: Almost no eye movements to the left","volume":"96","author":"M Strupp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210411","article-title":"Abduction nystagmus in internuclear ophthalmoplegia","volume":"21","author":"D S Zee","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310640.37810.b3","article-title":"Pearls & Oy-sters: The medial longitudinal fasciculus in ocular motor physiology","volume":"70","author":"T C Frohman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.03.006","article-title":"Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"S Prasad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000323814.72216.48","article-title":"Unilateral INO is associated with ocular tilt reaction in pontomesencephalic lesions: INO plus","volume":"71","author":"A Zwergal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"455","article-title":"Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: pathophysiology and diagnosis","volume":"1","author":"D S Zee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.02.036","article-title":"Pure upbeat nystagmus in association with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia","volume":"317","author":"J H Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.8.971","article-title":"The one-and-a-half syndrome\u2013a unilateral disorder of the pontine tegmentum: a study of 20 cases and review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"M Wall","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.11.1076","article-title":"Paralytic pontine exotropia. A\u00a0sign of acute unilateral pontine gaze palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia","volume":"24","author":"J A Sharpe","year":"1974","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360304","article-title":"Vestibular syndromes in the roll plane: topographic diagnosis from brainstem to cortex","volume":"36","author":"T Brandt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310409","article-title":"Wallenberg\u02bcs syndrome: lateropulsion, cyclorotation, and subjective visual vertical in thirty-six patients","volume":"31","author":"M Dieterich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1968.00470310092008","article-title":"Electrooculographic syndrome in monkeys after pontine reticular formation lesions","volume":"18","author":"B Cohen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.6.876","article-title":"Sparing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex with lesions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation","volume":"39","author":"J L Johnston","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260620.65195.79","article-title":"Impaired ipsilateral smooth pursuit and gaze-evoked nystagmus in paramedian pontine lesion","volume":"68","author":"B Y Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149526.86990.ED","article-title":"Palsy of \u201cfast\u201d and \u201cslow\u201d vergence by pontine lesions","volume":"64","author":"H Rambold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"263","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the ocular motor pathways","volume":"1","author":"J A Buttner-Ennever","year":"1992","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.1.75","article-title":"Contribution of y group of vestibular nuclei and dentate nucleus of cerebellum to generation of vertical smooth eye movements","volume":"48","author":"M C Chubb","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh532","article-title":"Vertical nystagmus: clinical facts and hypotheses","volume":"128","author":"C Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.5.1383","article-title":"Loss of the neural integrator of the oculomotor system from brain stem lesions in monkey","volume":"57","author":"S C Cannon","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"203","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system. The nucleus prepositus","volume":"2","author":"R A McCrea","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Oculomot Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51009-4","article-title":"Inferior olive and oculomotor system","volume":"151","author":"N H Barmack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp323","article-title":"Oculopalatal tremor explained by a model of inferior olivary hypertrophy and cerebellar plasticity","volume":"133","author":"A G Shaikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"119","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of the oculomotor system. The reticular formation","volume":"2","author":"J A Buttner-Ennever","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Oculomot Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15726.x","article-title":"Pathways from cell groups of the paramedian tracts to the floccular region","volume":"781","author":"J A Buttner-Ennever","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51008-2","article-title":"Oculomotor cerebellum","volume":"151","author":"J Voogd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.01.006","article-title":"Clinical study of 46 patients with lateral medullary infarction","volume":"24","author":"K Ogawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.031690","article-title":"Spontaneous nystagmus in dorsolateral medullary infarction indicates vestibular semicircular canal imbalance","volume":"76","author":"H Rambold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490230049006","article-title":"Lateropulsion of saccadic eye movements. Electro-oculographic studies in a patient with Wallenberg\u02bcs syndrome","volume":"28","author":"G Kommerell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0495-6","article-title":"Saccadic lateropulsion in Wallenberg syndrome: a window to access cerebellar control of saccades?","volume":"174","author":"C Tilikete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000110186.05217.9B","article-title":"Bowtie and upbeat nystagmus evolving into hemi-seesaw nystagmus in medial medullary infarction: possible anatomic mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"K D Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.12.2287","article-title":"Ocular lateropulsion in Wallenberg syndrome","volume":"62","author":"J S Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180627.80595.10","article-title":"Medial medullary infarction: abnormal ocular motor findings","volume":"65","author":"J S Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12705","article-title":"Inferior cerebellar peduncular lesion causes a distinct vestibular syndrome","volume":"22","author":"J H Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00302","article-title":"Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration and Palatal or Oculopalatal Tremor","volume":"8","author":"C Tilikete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010972","article-title":"Dorsal Medullary Infarction: Distinct Syndrome of Isolated Central Vestibulopathy","volume":"46","author":"S U Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003316","article-title":"Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi lesions produce a unique ocular motor syndrome","volume":"87","author":"S H Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.03.017","article-title":"Downbeat nystagmus due to a paramedian medullary lesion","volume":"19","author":"K Nakamagoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(97)01160-7","article-title":"Location of efferent terminals of the primate flocculus and ventral paraflocculus revealed by anterograde axonal transport methods","volume":"27","author":"S Nagao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1981.46.4.878","article-title":"Effects of ablation of flocculus and paraflocculus of eye movements in primate","volume":"46","author":"D S Zee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012933","article-title":"The role of the flocculus of the monkey in fixation and smooth pursuit eye movements","volume":"294","author":"H Noda","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240502","article-title":"Purkinje cell activity in the primate flocculus during optokinetic stimulation, smooth pursuit eye movements and VOR-suppression","volume":"55","author":"U Buttner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.5.954","article-title":"Adaptive gain control of vestibuloocular reflex by the cerebellum","volume":"39","author":"D A Robinson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00375.2005","article-title":"Cerebellar disease alters the axis of the high-acceleration vestibuloocular reflex","volume":"94","author":"M F Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1980.44.6.1058","article-title":"Cerebellar-dependent adaptive control of primate saccadic system","volume":"44","author":"L M Optican","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902650207","article-title":"Afferent and efferent connections of the oculomotor cerebellar vermis in the macaque monkey","volume":"265","author":"J Yamada","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903020211","article-title":"Afferent and efferent connections of the oculomotor region of the fastigial nucleus in the macaque monkey","volume":"302","author":"H Noda","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.5.1723","article-title":"Role of the caudal fastigial nucleus in saccade generation. I. Neuronal discharge pattern","volume":"70","author":"A F Fuchs","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.05.027","article-title":"Effect of inactivation and disinhibition of the oculomotor vermis on saccade adaptation","volume":"1401","author":"Y Kojima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00623-7","article-title":"Vergence eye movement signals in the cerebellar dorsal vermis","volume":"171","author":"T Nitta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00386","article-title":"Coding of Velocity Storage in the Vestibular Nuclei","volume":"8","author":"S B Yakushin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000456","article-title":"Cerebellar Control of Eye Movements","volume":"37","author":"S C Beh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2011.00053","article-title":"Cerebellum and ocular motor control","volume":"2","author":"A Kheradmand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6837-y","article-title":"Isolated floccular infarction: impaired vestibular responses to horizontal head impulse","volume":"260","author":"H K Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.6.1933","article-title":"Disorders of binocular control of eye movements in patients with cerebellar dysfunction","volume":"119","author":"M Versino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn306","article-title":"Vergence deficits in patients with cerebellar lesions","volume":"132","author":"T Sander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"509","article-title":"Disorders in cerebellar ocular motor control. II. Macrosaccadic oscillation. An oculographic, control system and clinico-anatomical analysis","volume":"99","author":"J B Selhorst","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488809119440","article-title":"Tilt suppression of vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with cerebellar lesions","volume":"105","author":"T C Hain","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30906.x","article-title":"A hypothetical explanation for periodic alternating nystagmus: instability in the optokinetic-vestibular system","volume":"374","author":"R J Leigh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.5.887","article-title":"Perverted head-shaking nystagmus: a possible mechanism","volume":"57","author":"A Minagar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"118","article-title":"Perverted head-shaking nystagmus: two possible mechanisms","volume":"249","author":"M Strupp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2016.20.2.85","article-title":"Clinical Correlation between Perverted Nystagmus and Brain MRI Abnormal Findings","volume":"20","author":"W G Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Audiol Otol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01193.2007","article-title":"Lesions of the cerebellar nodulus and uvula impair downward pursuit","volume":"100","author":"M F Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230213","article-title":"Alternating skew on lateral gaze (bilateral abducting hypertropia)","volume":"23","author":"M L Moster","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0884-x","article-title":"Apogeotropic central positional nystagmus as a sole sign of nodular infarction","volume":"33","author":"H A Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24329","article-title":"The cerebellar nodulus: perceptual and ocular processing of graviceptive input","volume":"77","author":"A A Tarnutzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.2.491","article-title":"Partial ocular tilt reaction due to unilateral cerebellar lesion","volume":"49","author":"S Mossman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.223727","article-title":"Akinetopsia: acute presentation and evidence for persisting defects in motion vision","volume":"83","author":"S A Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.620","article-title":"Ptosis in patients with hemispheric strokes","volume":"58","author":"L Averbuch-Heller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0123-1","article-title":"Saccade initiation in ocular motor apraxia","volume":"253","author":"H Rambold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.027","article-title":"The role of the right frontal eye field in overt visual attention deployment as assessed by free visual exploration","volume":"74","author":"D Cazzoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005069","article-title":"Pearls & Oy-sters: Ocular motor apraxia as essential differential diagnosis to supranuclear gaze palsy: Eyes up","volume":"90","author":"K Schweyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230216","article-title":"Acquired ocular motor apraxia due to bilateral frontoparietal infarcts","volume":"23","author":"C Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0463-1","article-title":"Saccades and eye-head coordination in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2","volume":"12","author":"M Panouilleres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebellum"}],"container-title":["Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1654-0632.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T11:17:15Z","timestamp":1673781435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1654-0632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1654-0632","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-2165","1439-3999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}}}