{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:02:29Z","timestamp":1792270949906,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Hemorrhage and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are recognized complications of chronic liver disease (CLD), but their prevalence and risk factors in critically ill patients are uncertain.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Patients and Methods\u2003We studied a retrospective cohort of patients with CLD nonelectively admitted to a specialist intensive care unit (ICU) determining the prevalence and timing of major bleeding and VTE (early, present on admission\/diagnosed within 48\u2009hours; later, diagnosed &gt;48\u2009hours post-ICU admission). Associations with baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics, multiorgan failure (MOF), blood product administration, and mortality were explored. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Of 623 patients with median age 52, bleeding (&gt;48\u2009hours after admission) occurred in 87 (14%) patients. Bleeding was associated with greater illness severity and increased mortality. Gastrointestinal bleeding accounted for 72% of events, secondary to portal hypertension in &gt;90%. Procedure-related bleeding was uncommon. VTE occurred in 125 (20%) patients: early VTE in 80 (13%) and involving the portal vein in 85%. Later VTE affected 45 (7.2%) patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nonalcoholic liver disease were independently associated with early VTE (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.5\u20135.2 and OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.4\u20133.9, respectively), and HCC, sepsis, and cryoprecipitate use with late VTE (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.11\u20135.43; OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.2\u20134.3; and OR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.3\u20135.1).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003VTE was prevalent on admission to critical care and less commonly developed later. Bleeding was associated with MOF and increased mortality. Severe MOF was not associated with an increased rate of VTE which was linked with HCC, and specific etiologies of CLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1667-7293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T03:58:48Z","timestamp":1634097528000},"page":"1006-1016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prevalence of Bleeding and Thrombosis in Critically Ill Patients with Chronic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Tsai-Wing","family":"Ow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Fatourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liane","family":"Rabinowich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bente","family":"van den Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Surgical Research Laboratory and Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrijit","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal C.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Strand, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McPhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Strand, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara N.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematological Medicine, King's Thrombosis Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Strand, London, United 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