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Dazu z\u00e4hlen neben intravesikalen Instillationen, transurethralen Verfahren wie Injektionen von Botulinum-Toxin A, Kortikosteroiden und Lokalan\u00e4sthetika, Hydrodistension und Neuromodulation auch operative Eingriffe wie (Laser-) Fulguration, Resektion und Zystektomie. Obwohl operative Interventionen bei Vorliegen einer interstitiellen Zystitis meist sehr sp\u00e4t in Erw\u00e4gung gezogen werden (sollen) und prinzipiell als Ultima ratio bezeichnet werden, weisen diese Eingriffe bei guten bis sehr guten Ansprechraten und meist \u00fcberschaubaren Komplikationen ein g\u00fcnstiges Nutzen-Risikoverh\u00e4ltnis auf. 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