{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:05:36Z","timestamp":1784088336449,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"13","funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Research Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acne is a skin condition arising from excess sebum production and microbial overgrowth within the pilosebaceous unit. Several commercial essential oils have shown promising activity against acne-related pathogens. Due to their volatility and thermal instability, the formulation of essential oils into commercial products remains a pharmaceutical challenge. Thus, this study aimed to develop a viable anti-acne topical treatment as an oil-in-water emulsified lotion to overcome these challenges. Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity with a mean minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.14\u2009mg\/mL against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Emulsified lotions containing C. zizanioides were developed through the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance approach. At tested hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values of 8, 9, and 10, C. zizanioides emulsified\n\t\t\t\t\tlotions displayed maximum stability at hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 9 with a minimum change in mean droplet size and polydispersity index of 20.61 and 33.33%, respectively, over 84 days. The C. zizanioides emulsified lotion at optimum hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 9 completely inhibited the growth of C. acnes and killed S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes within 24\u2009h. Additionally, the lotion retained antimicrobial activity against these test micro-organisms over the 84-day stability test period. Thus, the C. zizanioides emulsified lotion demonstrated physical stability and antimicrobial efficiency, making it an ideal natural product anti-acne treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1699-3284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:02:00Z","timestamp":1640736120000},"page":"1256-1262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antimicrobial Formulation of Chrysopogon zizanioides Essential Oil in an Emulsified Lotion for Acne"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadilah","family":"Kurrimboccus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6767-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u00e9","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Paul","family":"Danckwerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4859-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandy","family":"van Vuuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2016.11.002","article-title":"The age-old problem of acne","volume":"3","author":"N F Mahmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13462","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne","volume":"172","author":"J KL Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00527-7","article-title":"Systematic review of antibiotic resistance in acne: An increasing topical and oral threat","volume":"16","author":"T R Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect 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