{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:30:06Z","timestamp":1787862606912,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic, the need for\n                    effective treatments for COVID-19 led to the idea of\n                    \u201crepurposing\u201d drugs for antiviral treatment. Several\n                    antipsychotics and antidepressants have been tested for in vitro activity\n                    against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Chlorpromazine,\n                    other phenothiazine antipsychotics, and the antidepressant fluoxetine were found\n                    to be rather potent in these studies. However, whether effective plasma\n                    concentrations can be obtained with clinically accepted doses of these drugs is\n                    not clear. Data of COVID-19 patients are not yet available but several clinical\n                    studies are currently underway.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine is a potent Sigma-1\n                    receptor agonist and reduces inflammation in animal models of cytokine-stress.\n                    Accordingly, fluvoxamine treatment was superior to placebo in reducing impaired\n                    respiratory function and other symptoms of inflammation in COVID-19 patients in\n                    a placebo-controlled clinical study and another open clinical trial. The\n                    beneficial effects of fluvoxamine on the course of COVID-19 were recently\n                    confirmed in a large placebo-controlled double-blind trial with several hundred\n                    patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Inflammation represents a major risk factor for many psychiatric disorders which\n                    explains the high susceptibilitiy of COVID-19 patients for psychiatric diseases.\n                    Many antidepressants and antipsychotics possess anti-inflammatory properties\n                    independent of sigma-1 activity which might be important to reduce psychiatric\n                    symptoms of COVID-19 patients and to improve respiratory dysfunction and other\n                    consequences of inflammation. This might explain the rather unspecific benefit\n                    which has been reported for several cohorts of COVID-19 patients treated with\n                    different psychotropic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1717-2381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T01:17:12Z","timestamp":1643159832000},"page":"7-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neuropsychiatric Drugs Against COVID-19: What is the Clinical\n                    Evidence?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Juliane K.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy,\n                    University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt\/M, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Riederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy,\n                    University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey Odense,\n                    Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter E.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology und Clinical Pharmacy, University Frankfurt,\n                    Frankfurt\/M, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S255209","article-title":"Experimental pharmacotherapy for COVID-19: The latest advances","volume":"13","author":"P Pagliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1408-8298","article-title":"Are persons treated with antidepressants and\/or antipsychotics possibly\n                    better Protected against severe COVID 19?","volume":"54","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"102","article-title":"Psychopharmaka: Therapeutische Perspektiven gegen Covid-19","volume":"28","author":"J K M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmakotherapie"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114296","article-title":"Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19\/SARS-CoV-2\n                    infection: A review describing drug mechanisms of action","volume":"183","author":"H Yousefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01218","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01218-20","article-title":"Broad anti-coronavirus activity of food and drug administration-approved drugs\n                    against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and SARS-CoV in vivo","volume":"94","author":"S Weston","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194868","article-title":"MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human\n                    monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells","volume":"13","author":"Y Cong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110025","article-title":"Towards a pharmacochemical hypothesis of the prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 by\n                    psychoactive substances","volume":"144","author":"H Javelot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173553","article-title":"Antiviral activity of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine,\n                    prochlorperazine, and thioridazine towards RNA-viruses. 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