{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T16:44:56Z","timestamp":1777740296274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to develop prediction models based on an\n                    incremental treadmill test to volitional exhaustion utilizing the modified Heck\n                    protocol. A total of 598 professional and youth athletes participating in\n                    different sports were recruited for this study. Specifically, the study enrolled\n                    professional male soccer players (n=380), professional male futsal\n                    players (n=24), elite male basketball players (n=27),\n                    professional male soccer referees (n=50), elite female soccer players\n                    (n=19), youth male basketball players (13\u201314\u2009yrs\n                    n=15, 15\u201317\u2009yrs n=20) and youth male soccer\n                    players (15\u2009yrs n=28, 16\u201317\u2009yrs n=35).\n                    Anthropometric measurements included stature, body mass, and body fat.\n                    Furthermore, all participants performed incremental cardiopulmonary exercise\n                    testing on a treadmill using the modified Heck protocol. Through multiple\n                    regression analysis, a separate prediction model was developed for each of the\n                    athletic populations. Results demonstrated that a significant (p=0.001)\n                    proportion of the variation observed in VO2max was explained by the\n                    variation in running time. The generated VO2max regression equations\n                    would allow athletes and coaches to predict VO2max in a relatively\n                    short time without the need for expensive and sophisticated equipment. To our\n                    knowledge, this is the first study that provides regression models for different\n                    athletic populations using the modified Heck protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1749-5829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T22:40:26Z","timestamp":1657665626000},"page":"694-700","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maximal Aerobic Power Using the Modified Heck Protocol: Prediction\n                    Models"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1139-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koulla","family":"Parpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and exercise science, University of Central Lancashire \u2013\n                    Cyprus Campus, Pyla, Cyprus, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos A.","family":"Michaelides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and exercise science, University of Central Lancashire \u2013\n                    Cyprus Campus, Pyla, Cyprus, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake as a parametric measure of cardiorespiratory capacity","volume":"39","author":"M N Hawkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0596-3","article-title":"Validity of criteria for establishing maximal O2 uptake during ramp exercise\n                    tests","volume":"102","author":"D C Poole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Kinanthropometry. In MacDougall JD, Wenger HA, Green HS (eds.). Physiological\n                    Testing of the High-Performance Athlete","author":"W D Ross","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Physiology of Sport and Exercise","author":"J H Wilmore","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","article-title":"Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance\n                    performance","volume":"32","author":"D R Bassett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865839","article-title":"Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic\n                    training in soccer players","volume":"27","author":"F M Impellizzeri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"319","article-title":"Physiological parameters related to distance running performance in female\n                    athletes","volume":"21","author":"L Fay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419008732129","article-title":"Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2 max test predicts running\n                    performance","volume":"8","author":"T D Noakes","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198506000-00006","article-title":"A physiologist's view of running economy","volume":"17","author":"J T Daniels","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021243","article-title":"Comparison of various exercise tests with endurance performance during soccer in\n                    professional players","volume":"13","author":"J Bangsbo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000071182","article-title":"Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to\n                    development of fatigue","volume":"21","author":"M Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"3968393","article-title":"Graded exercise testing protocols for the determination of VO2max:\n                    historical perspectives, progress, and future considerations","volume":"2016","author":"N M Beltz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.121558","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application","volume":"83","author":"K Albouaini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postgraduate Med J"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"628","article-title":"Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange","volume":"55","author":"K N Frayn","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2009.04.002","article-title":"Assessment of physiological capacities of elite athletes & respiratory\n                    limitations to exercise performance","volume":"10","author":"G D Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00003","article-title":"Ramp exercise protocols for clinical and cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"30","author":"J Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"323","article-title":"Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"3","author":"R A Bruce","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Clin Res"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Textbook of Work Physiology","author":"P O \u00c5strand","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Methods of Exercise Testing. In: Naughton JP,\n          Hellerstein HK, Mohler LC (eds.). Exercise Testing and Exercise Training\n          in Coronary Heart Disease","author":"J P Naughton","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"675","article-title":"An experimental study of physical fitness of Air Force personnel","volume":"10","author":"B Balke","year":"1959","journal-title":"US Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322007000400004","article-title":"Reproducibility of maximum aerobic power (VO2max) among soccer players using a\n                    modified Heck protocol","volume":"62","author":"P R Santos-Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001810","article-title":"Preseason maximal aerobic power in professional soccer players among different\n                    divisions","volume":"32","author":"M A Marcos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2002.10608993","article-title":"Prediction of maximum oxygen consumption from walking, jogging, or running","volume":"73","author":"G E Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0313-z","article-title":"Match running performance during fixture congestion in elite soccer: research\n                    issues and future directions","volume":"45","author":"C Carling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166608","article-title":"How accurate is the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake with treadmill\n                    testing?","volume":"11","author":"J R Wicks","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144873","article-title":"Predicting VO2peak from submaximal- and peak exercise models: the\n                    HUNT 3 fitness study, Norway","volume":"11","author":"H Loe","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Ethical standards in sports and exercise science research: 2020 update","volume":"40","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"346","article-title":"The prediction of Vo2max: a comparison of 7 indirect tests of aerobic power","volume":"13","author":"J Grant","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(76)80401-2","article-title":"A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress\n                    testing","volume":"92","author":"M L Pollock","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(82)90275-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of physiologic responses to three different maximal graded\n                    exercise test protocols in healthy women","volume":"103","author":"M L Pollock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.1024","article-title":"Endurance training in older men and women. I. cardiovascular-responses to\n                    exercise","volume":"57","author":"D R Seals","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333120-00002","article-title":"Rate and mechanism of maximal oxygen consumption decline with aging:\n                    Implications for exercise training","volume":"33","author":"S Hawkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.141879","article-title":"Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and\n                    underlying physiological mechanisms","volume":"586","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/10913670701326427","article-title":"A maximal graded exercise test to accurately predict VO2max in 18-65-year-old\n                    adults","volume":"11","author":"J D George","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41180","article-title":"Biological variation in variables associated with exercise training","volume":"24","author":"M Bagger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.68.3.331","article-title":"Prediction of maximal oxygen consumption: comparison of the Bruce and Balke\n                    treadmill protocols","volume":"68","author":"V F Froelicher","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.11.3.189","article-title":"Crusading for the Balke protocol","volume":"11","author":"T W Rowland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"136","article-title":"Indirect estimation of VO2max in athletes by ACSM's equation:\n                    Valid or not?","volume":"17","author":"N Koutlianos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2275-7","article-title":"Do the speeds defined by the American College of Sports Medicine metabolic\n                    equation for running produce target energy expenditures during isocaloric\n                    exercise bouts?","volume":"112","author":"F A Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924340","article-title":"Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical\n                    performance in top-level professional soccer players","volume":"28","author":"E Rampinini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1749-5829.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T23:38:02Z","timestamp":1657669082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1749-5829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1749-5829","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]}}}