{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:43:13Z","timestamp":1783032193896,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rofo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2002Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable adjunct to ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital pathologies of the central nervous system, thorax, and abdomen. Fetal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was limited, mainly by the lack of cardiac gating, and has only recently evolved due to technical developments.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Method\u2002A literature search was performed on PubMed, focusing on technical advancements to perform fetal CMR. In total, 20 publications on cardiac gating techniques in the human fetus were analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2002Fetal MRI is a safe imaging method with no developmental impairments found to be associated with in utero exposure to MRI. Fetal CMR is challenging due to general drawbacks (e.\u200ag., fetal motion) and specific limitations such as the difficulty to generate a cardiac gating signal to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution. Promising technical advancements include new methods for fetal cardiac gating, based on novel post-processing approaches and an external hardware device, as well as motion compensation and acceleration techniques.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2002Newly developed direct and indirect gating approaches were successfully applied to achieve high-quality morphologic and functional imaging as well as quantitative assessment of fetal hemodynamics in research settings. In cases when prenatal echocardiography is limited, e.\u200ag., by an unfavorable fetal position in utero, or when its results are inconclusive, fetal CMR could potentially serve as a valuable adjunct in the prenatal assessment of congenital cardiovascular malformations. However, sufficient data on the diagnostic performance and clinical benefit of new fetal CMR techniques is still lacking.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Key Points:\u2002<\/jats:p><jats:p>Citation Format<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1761-3500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T23:04:30Z","timestamp":1659135870000},"page":"841-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Fetal Cardiovascular MRI \u2013 A Systemic Review of the Literature: Challenges, New Technical Developments, and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Janine","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Tavares de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn P.","family":"Sch\u00f6nnagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000218","article-title":"Fetal Cardiac MRI: A Review of Technical Advancements","volume":"28","author":"C W Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000380821","article-title":"The Contribution of MRI after Fetal Anomalies Have Been Diagnosed by Ultrasound: Correlation with Postnatal Outcomes","volume":"38","author":"B 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