{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T10:36:31Z","timestamp":1781951791748,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 may affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and pituitary dysfunction\n                    may occur. Therefore, we investigated neuroendocrine changes, in particular,\n                    secondary adrenal insufficiency, using a dynamic test and the role of\n                    autoimmunity in pituitary dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. The\n                    single-center, prospective, case-control study included patients with polymerase\n                    chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 and healthy controls. Basal hormone\n                    levels were measured, and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation\n                    test was performed. Antipituitary (APA) and antihypothalamic antibodies (AHA)\n                    were also determined. We examined a total of 49 patients with COVID-19 and 28\n                    healthy controls. The frequency of adrenal insufficiency in patients with\n                    COVID-19 was found as 8.2%. Patients with COVID-19 had lower free\n                        T3, IGF-1, and total testosterone levels, and higher cortisol and\n                    prolactin levels when compared with controls. We also demonstrated the presence\n                    of APA in three and AHA in one of four patients with adrenal insufficiency. In\n                    conclusion, COVID-19 may result in adrenal insufficiency, thus routine screening\n                    of adrenal functions in these patients is needed. Endocrine disturbances in\n                    COVID-19 are similar to those seen in acute stressful conditions or infections.\n                    Pituitary or hypothalamic autoimmunity may play a role in neuroendocrine\n                    abnormalities in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1764-1260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T23:32:22Z","timestamp":1647041542000},"page":"153-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment of Neuroendocrine Changes and Hypothalamo-Pituitary\n                    Autoimmunity in Patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Sait","family":"Gonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul\n                    University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"De Bellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania\n                    \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6803-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Durcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul\n                    University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4748-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bellastella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania\n                    \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of\n                    Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Scappaticcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of\n                    Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of\n                    Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basak Ecem","family":"Bircan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul\n                    University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6233-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serdar","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul\n                    University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cem","family":"Sulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul\n                    University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6207-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hande Mefkure","family":"Ozkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul\n                    University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dildar","family":"Konukoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa,\n                    Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5592-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Ferda","family":"Kartufan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Yeditepe University,\n                    Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahrettin","family":"Kelestimur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul,\n                    Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19: Specific and non-specific clinical manifestations and symptoms: The\n                    current state of knowledge","volume":"9","author":"J Baj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.013","article-title":"COVID-19: a complex multisystem disorder","volume":"125","author":"C M Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J 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Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.02.003","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019: coronaviruses and blood safety","volume":"34","author":"L Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.040","article-title":"ACE2 expression in pancreas may cause pancreatic damage after SARS-CoV-2\n                    infection","volume":"18","author":"F Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09569-2","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"M Marazuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa144","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and the Endocrine System","volume":"4","author":"M D Lundholm","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"4: bvaa082","article-title":"The impact of SARS-Cov-2 virus infection on the endocrine system","author":"N P Somasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02349-7","article-title":"Possible long-term endocrine-metabolic complications in COVID-19: lesson from\n                    the SARS model","volume":"68","author":"L M Mongio\u00ec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01276-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and the endocrine system: exploring the unexplored","volume":"43","author":"R Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.35.2.197","article-title":"Encountering COVID-19 as endocrinologists","volume":"35","author":"E-J Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02294-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of\n                    Endocrinology","volume":"68","author":"M Puig-Domingo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.06.004","article-title":"The changing clinical spectrum of hypophysitis","volume":"30","author":"S Chiloiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0371-7","article-title":"Prospective investigation of pituitary functions in patients with acute\n                    infectious meningitis: Is acute meningitis induced pituitary dysfunction\n                    associated with autoimmunity?","volume":"15","author":"F Tanriverdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.014","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 viral infection on the 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pituitary surgery","volume":"85","author":"H S D\u00f6kmeta\u015f","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab349","article-title":"Normal adrenal and thyroid function in patients who survive COVID-19\n                    infection","volume":"106","author":"S A Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1764-1260.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T23:35:57Z","timestamp":1647041757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1764-1260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1764-1260","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}