{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:34:16Z","timestamp":1740126856829,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Aim This study evaluated the tear evaporation rate (TER) in subjects with a high body mass index (BMI) and tested the correlation between BMI and dry eye.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods Thirty male subjects aged 18\u200a\u2013\u200a38 years (26.4\u2009\u00b1\u20094.0\u00a0years) with a high BMI (26.4\u200a\u2013\u200a47.0\u2009kg\/m2) were enrolled in the study. In addition, a control group of 30 males\n          aged 20\u200a\u2013\u200a36 years (24.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6 years) with a normal BMI (&lt;\u200925\u2009kg\/m2) participated in the study for comparison. Each subject completed the ocular surface disease index (OSDI),\n          followed by the TER measurement using a handheld VapoMeter.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results Significant differences (Wilcoxon test; p\u2009=\u20090.002 and 0.001) were found between the median scores of the OSDI (10.3 [3.7] vs. 5.9 [7.2]) and TER (35.5 [13.1] vs. 15.5 [12.8]\n          g\/m2\u2009h) in the study and control groups, respectively. The OSDI indicated dry eye in 60.0% of subjects in the study group (n\u2009=\u200918). The TER measurements showed that 76.7% of\n          subjects in the study group (n\u2009=\u200923) had dry eyes. A medium correlation (r\u2009=\u20090.569; p\u2009=\u20090.001) was found between the OSDI scores and TER measurements.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusions The means of the tear evaporation rate and the ocular surface disease index scores are significantly higher in subjects with a high BMI compared with the control group.\n          Therefore, a high BMI is considered a risk factor for dry eye. The measurement of the tear evaporation rate using a handheld VapoMeter is a simple and rapid method to detect dry eyes in\n          combination with other tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1778-4435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:41:35Z","timestamp":1649983295000},"page":"283-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with a High Body Mass Index"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"240","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Abusharha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal A.","family":"El-Hiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulhadi","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raied","family":"Fagehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mana A.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alsaqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Masmali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Turki","family":"Almubrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X","article-title":"Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants","volume":"387","author":"M Di Cesare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4577-0","article-title":"Body mass index and lifetime healthcare utilization","volume":"19","author":"C H Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1042","article-title":"Body mass index and all cause mortality in HUNT and UK Biobank studies: linear and non-linear mendelian randomization analyses","volume":"364","author":"Y Q Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa073166","article-title":"Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease","volume":"357","author":"K Bibbins-Domingo","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.22.2557","article-title":"Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men","volume":"162","author":"T Kurth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001696","article-title":"Community control of hypertension \u2013 experiences from Finland","volume":"18","author":"A Nissinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SA.0000407026.86152.a1","article-title":"Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease","volume":"55","author":"A Tirosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surv Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12354","article-title":"Trajectories of body mass index amongst children who develop type 2 diabetes as adults","volume":"278","author":"J G Eriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-311897","article-title":"Inter-relationship between ageing, body mass index, diabetes, systemic blood pressure and intraocular pressure in Asians: 6-year longitudinal study","volume":"103","author":"J Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2987w","article-title":"Relationship between body mass index and obesity awareness in school students","volume":"9","author":"H D Alasmari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.89","article-title":"Overweight and obesity: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of general practitioners in France","volume":"13","author":"A Bocquier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26847","article-title":"Comparisons of percentage body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-stature ratio in adults","volume":"89","author":"K M Flegal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001673","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001673","article-title":"Association between class III obesity (BMI of 40\u201359\u2009kg\/m2) and mortality: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies","volume":"11","author":"C M Kitahara","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"602","volume-title":"Obesity\/Overweight: Prevention and Weight Management","author":"J G Eby","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2","article-title":"The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"63","article-title":"Noninvasive tear film break-up time assessment using handheld lipid layer examination instrument","volume":"58","author":"S V Pauk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000025","article-title":"Comparative study of repeatability of phenol red thread test versus Schirmer\u02bcs test in normal adults in Saudi Arabia","volume":"40","author":"A Masmali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0170","article-title":"Tear evaporation dynamics in normal subjects and subjects with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"E Goto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"221","article-title":"Report of the National Eye Institute\/Industry workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes","volume":"21","author":"M A Lemp","year":"1995","journal-title":"CLAO J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199307000-00010","article-title":"Ocular water evaporation and the dry eye: a new measuring device","volume":"12","author":"W D Mathers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3495540","article-title":"Evaluation of tear evaporation from ocular surface by functional infrared thermography","volume":"37","author":"J H Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318288bdd1","article-title":"Repeatability of a new method for measuring tear evaporation rates","volume":"90","author":"A Petznick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.149","article-title":"Infrared thermography of the tear film in dry eye","volume":"9","author":"P B Morgan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0094","article-title":"Thinning rate of the precorneal and prelens tear films","volume":"46","author":"J Nichols","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12096","article-title":"Validating a new device for measuring tear evaporation rates","volume":"34","author":"A Rohit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijovs.20190402.12","article-title":"Assessment of the tear evaporation rate in chronic smokers using Delfin VapoMeter","volume":"4","author":"S A Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S188614","article-title":"Assessment of tear-evaporation rate in thyroid gland patients","volume":"13","author":"A Abusharaha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"Word Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index","volume":"118","author":"R M Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","year":"1988","author":"J Cohen","key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.08.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II report executive summary","volume":"15","author":"J P Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100100054027","article-title":"Ocular surface changes and discomfort in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"113","author":"J Shimazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"2942","article-title":"Tear evaporation from the ocular surface","volume":"33","author":"K Tsubota","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70186-6","article-title":"Inputs and outputs of the lacrimal system: review of production and evaporative loss","volume":"7","author":"A Tomlinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S218109","article-title":"Assessment of tear film in subject with high body mass index","volume":"11","author":"S A Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S210044","article-title":"An assessment of the ocular tear film in patients with thyroid disorders","volume":"13","author":"S A Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8154315","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8154315","article-title":"Assessment of Tear Film Quality among Smokers Using Tear Ferning Patterns","volume":"2016","author":"A M Masmali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000275","article-title":"A possible association between dry eye symptoms and body fat: a prospective, cross-sectional preliminary study","volume":"43","author":"K C Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.887","article-title":"Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women","volume":"82","author":"B Miljanovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.01.004","article-title":"Relation between dietary essential fatty acid intake and dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction in postmenopausal women","volume":"189","author":"J F Ziemanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijovs.20190403.13","article-title":"Effect of short-term oral vitamin D3 supplementation on tear film in dry eye subjects","volume":"4","author":"S A Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.04.016","article-title":"Association of dyslipidemia in moderate to severe meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"150","author":"A H Dao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"2721","article-title":"Assessment of ocular tear film stability in subjects with high total cholesterol levels","volume":"87","author":"S A Alanazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.6.723","article-title":"Assessment of meibomian gland function in dry eye using meibometry","volume":"117","author":"N Yokoi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)98033-2","article-title":"Meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"105","author":"J Shimazaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31643-X","article-title":"Ocular evaporation in meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye","volume":"100","author":"W D Mathers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2417-5_50","article-title":"Increase in tear film lipid layer thickness following treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"350","author":"D R Korb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.057","article-title":"Correlations in a change in aqueous tear evaporation with a change in relative humidity and the impact","volume":"141","author":"J P McCulley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000252881.04636.5e","article-title":"Increased evaporative rates in laboratory testing conditions simulating airplane cabin relative humidity: an important factor for dry eye syndrome","volume":"33","author":"E Uchiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e318193f4fc","article-title":"Factors affecting evaporation rates of tear film components measured in vitro","volume":"35","author":"D Borchman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364102115010117","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of tear film evaporation rate measurement using a new closed-chamber evaporimeter","volume":"15","author":"A A Abusharha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"}],"container-title":["Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1778-4435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:11:40Z","timestamp":1680048700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1778-4435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1778-4435","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-2165","1439-3999"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0023-2165"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-3999"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}