{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:16Z","timestamp":1787004856873,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective\u2003The objective of this was to determine whether the change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) from early to late pregnancy differs between non-Hispanic Black and White women with prepregnancy diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study Design\u2003A retrospective analysis was performed from an integrated prenatal and diabetes care program from 2012 to 2016. We compared HbA1c as a continuous measure and secondarily, HbA1c &lt;6.5%, cross-sectionally, and longitudinally in early (approximately 10 weeks) and late (approximately 31 weeks) pregnancies. Linear and logistic regression were used and adjusted for age, body mass index, White diabetes class, medication use, diabetes type, gestational age at baseline HbA1c measurement, and baseline hemoglobin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003Among 296 non-Hispanic Black (35%) and White pregnant women (65%) with prepregnancy diabetes (39% type 1 and 61% type 2), Black women were more likely to experience increased community-level social determinants of health as measured by the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and were less likely to have type 1 diabetes and have more severe diabetes versus White women (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Black women had higher mean HbA1c (7.8 vs. 7.4%; beta: 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30\u20131.19) and were less likely to have HbA1c\u2009&lt;\u20096.5% at 10 weeks compared with White women (24 vs. 35%; adjusted odds ratio: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24\u20130.81) but not after adjusting for SVI. At 31 weeks, both groups had similar mean HbA1c (both 6.5%) and were equally as likely to have HbA1c\u2009&lt;\u20096.5% (57 vs. 54%). From early to late pregnancy, Black women had a higher percentage decrease in HbA1c (1.3 vs. 0.9%; beta\u2009=\u20090.63; 95% CI: 0.27\u20130.99) and were equally as likely to have an improvement or stable HbA1C\u2009&lt;\u20096.5% from 10 to 31 weeks, with both groups having a similar mean HbA1c (6.5%) at 31 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003Despite experiencing greater community-level social determinants of health, Black women with pregestational diabetes had a larger reduction in HbA1c and were able to equally achieve the target of HbA1c\u2009&lt;\u20096.5% by late pregnancy compared with White women as part of an integrated diabetes and prenatal care program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Key Points<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1788-5600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T02:18:57Z","timestamp":1646619537000},"page":"1279-1287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differences in Hemoglobin A1c during Pregnancy between Non-Hispanic Black versus White Women with Prepregnancy Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik K.","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naleef","family":"Fareed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda K.","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney A.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Buschur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark B.","family":"Landon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Thung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4076-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maged M.","family":"Costantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Gabbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009494","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009494","article-title":"A cohort study of trends in the prevalence of pregestational diabetes in pregnancy recorded in UK general practice between 1995 and 2012","volume":"6","author":"S J Coton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1553-5","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations, United States, 1993-2009","volume":"19","author":"A Correa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1801","article-title":"Diabetes trends among delivery hospitalizations in the U.S., 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Feig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0656","article-title":"Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a large, population-based study","volume":"32","author":"M Persson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001254","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of pre-existing diabetes and perinatal outcomes: a large, population-based study in Catalonia, Spain, 2006-2015","volume":"8","author":"L Gortazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003104","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003104","article-title":"Risk of severe maternal morbidity or death in relation to elevated hemoglobin A1c preconception, and in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort 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of longitudinal hemoglobin A1c values to predict adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by pregestational diabetes","volume":"2","author":"M M Finneran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1685490","article-title":"The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of selective fetal echocardiography for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in patients with pregestational diabetes stratified by hemoglobin A1c","volume":"36","author":"M M Finneran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002960","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin no. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice 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Syndr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000820","article-title":"Assessing White's classification of pregestational diabetes in a contemporary diabetic population","volume":"125","author":"S N Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E685","article-title":"Ethnic disparities: control of glycemia, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol among US adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"J K Kirk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002252","article-title":"Disparities in care for publicly insured women with pregestational diabetes","volume":"130","author":"S R Easter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1711728","article-title":"Maternal racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic threshold for pharmacotherapy initiation for gestational diabetes","volume":"35","author":"A Palatnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0093","article-title":"Relationship between time-in-range, HbA1c, and the glucose management indicator in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"V N Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab242","article-title":"Outpatient portal use in prenatal care: differential use by race, risk, and area social determinants of health","volume":"29","author":"P Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296821993175","article-title":"Identifying mobile health technology experiences and preferences of low-income pregnant women with diabetes","volume":"15","author":"K Leziak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-1973","article-title":"Disparities in HbA1c levels between African-American and non-Hispanic white adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"J K Kirk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/109350704322918970","article-title":"Racial comparisons of health care and glycemic control for African American and white diabetic adults in an urban managed care organization","volume":"7","author":"T L Gary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Manag"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.17.1853","article-title":"Mechanisms for racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic control in middle-aged and older Americans in the health and retirement study","volume":"167","author":"M Heisler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7217","article-title":"Trends in gestational diabetes at first live birth by race and ethnicity in the US, 2011-2019","volume":"326","author":"N S Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0382","article-title":"Disparities in A1C levels between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"J K Kirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes 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Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1788-5600.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T19:24:30Z","timestamp":1661973870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1788-5600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1788-5600","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}