{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:17Z","timestamp":1787004857204,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Head Injury Assessment (HIA) is the screening tool for head injury during a rugby\n                    game. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of HIA in\n                    the Japan Rugby Top League (JRTL). The incidences of HIA, defined concussion\n                    (per 1,000 player-hours) and repeated concussions were evaluated in three\n                    seasons (2016-17, 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319; total 360 games). The HIA\n                    incidence rates were 12.7 (95% confidence interval 9.5\u201315.9),\n                    20.8 (16.8\u201324.9), and 25.0 (20.5\u201329.5) in each season. HIA-1\n                    criteria 2, which is applied for suspected concussion cases, was performed for\n                    46 cases in the 2016\u201317 season, 81 cases in the 2017\u201318 season,\n                    and 88 cases in the 2018\u201319 season. The concussion incidence rates were\n                    significantly greater in the 2017\u201318 season (9.6\/1000\n                    player-hours, 95% confidence interval 6.8\u201312.4) and the\n                    2018\u201319 season (14.4, 11\u201317.8) compared to the 2016\u201317\n                    season (4.8, 2.8\u20136.8). The number of repeated concussion cases in the\n                    same season was 1 in the 2016\u201317 season and 4 in both the\n                    2017\u201318 and 2018\u201319 seasons. This study confirmed significantly\n                    higher HIA and concussion incidence rates over time. Although the HIA system\n                    might have been established in the three seasons in JRTL, comprehensive\n                    management needs to be improved to prevent repeated concussions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1810-6509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T19:45:11Z","timestamp":1654631111000},"page":"889-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Head Injury Assessment in the Elite Level Rugby Union in Japan:\n                    Review of 3 Seasons"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Takuya","family":"Tajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and\n                    Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Rugby Top League, Japan Rugby Football Union, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Nagayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine for Orthopaedics and Motor Organ, Juntendo\n                    University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayasu","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konan Medical center, Kobe,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsuo","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury prevention & Research unit, Japan Rugby Football Union,\n                    Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University,\n                    Ryugasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Ishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University,\n                    Setagaya-ku, Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Faculty of Human Health,\n                    Kurume University, Kurume, Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Akama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Mitsumori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichiro","family":"Higashihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology, Higashihara clinic, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukimasa","family":"Toyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic surgery, Toyama Orthopaedic clinic, Osaka,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Surgery, Furuya Orhopaedic clinic, Yokohama,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etsuo","family":"Chosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and\n                    Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nakamura Surgery and Pediatrics clinic, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"},{"name":"Medical control committee, Japan Rugby Top League, Tokyo,\n                    Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372634","article-title":"Comprehensive safety management and assessment at rugby football\n                    competitions","volume":"35","author":"T Tajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097791","article-title":"A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related\n                    concussion","volume":"51","author":"G Manley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0810-3","article-title":"Sport-related concussion and mental health outcomes in elite athletes: A\n                    systematic review","volume":"48","author":"S M Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.01.001","article-title":"Sports career-related concussion and mental health symptoms in former elite\n                    athlete","volume":"67","author":"V Gouttebarge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321170","article-title":"Concussion and long-term cognitive impairment among professional or elite\n                    sport-persons: a systematic review","volume":"91","author":"V Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093498","article-title":"The international rugby board (IRB) pitch side concussion assessment trial: a\n                    pilot test accuracy study","volume":"49","author":"G W Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096461","article-title":"Evaluation of World Rugby\u2019s concussion management process: results from\n                    Rugby World Cup 2015","volume":"51","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0231-y","article-title":"The performance of the World Rugby Head Injury Assessment Screening Tool: a\n                    diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"6","author":"G W Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097883","article-title":"A video analysis of head injuries satisfying the criteria for a head injury\n                    assessment in professional rugby union: a prospective cohort study","volume":"51","author":"R Tucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097895","article-title":"Risk factors for head injury events in professional rugby union: a video\n                    analysis of 464 head injury events to inform proposed injury prevention\n                    strategies","volume":"51","author":"R Tucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.07.008","article-title":"The accuracy and reproducibility of video assessment in the pitch-side\n                    management of concussion in elite rugby","volume":"20","author":"G W Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275","article-title":"Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study","volume":"51","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Research: 2020 Update","volume":"40","author":"D J Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.11.010","article-title":"The epidemiology of concussion in professional rugby union in Ireland","volume":"35","author":"M Cosgrave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094982","article-title":"Professional Rugby Union players have a 60% greater risk of time loss\n                    injury after concussion: a 2-season prospective study of clinical outcomes","volume":"50","author":"M Cross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093381","article-title":"Epidemiology of concussion in men\u2019s elite Rugby-7s (Sevens World Series)\n                    and Rugby-15s (Rugby World Cup, Junior World Championship, and Rugby Trophy,\n                    Pacific Nations Cup and English Premiership)","volume":"49","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098417","article-title":"On average, a professional rugby union player is more likely than not to sustain\n                    a concussion after 25 matches","volume":"53","author":"J Rafferty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63954-7.00006-9","article-title":"Concussion: Pathophysiology and clinical translation","volume":"158","author":"C 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Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2019.1578223","article-title":"High sleep disturbance and longer concussion duration in repeat concussions","volume":"18","author":"T O Oyegbile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.08.013","article-title":"Depression and sports-related concussion: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"A Yrondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098135","article-title":"Tackler\u2019s head position relative to the ball carrier is highly\n                    correlated with head and neck injury in rugby","volume":"52","author":"S Sobue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.05.010","article-title":"Can tackle height influence head injury assessment risk in elite rugby\n                    union?","volume":"12","author":"G J Tierney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200101000-00005","article-title":"Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild\n                    traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"R J Echemendia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2556","article-title":"Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football\n                    players: the NCAA Concussion Study","volume":"290","author":"M McCrea","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097464","article-title":"What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic\n                    review","volume":"51","author":"J Kamins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1810-6509.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T19:02:46Z","timestamp":1662490966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1810-6509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1810-6509","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]}}}