{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:52:05Z","timestamp":1785585125834,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective Cigarette smoke and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are risk\n                    factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the impact of smoking on diabetes\n                    risk among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods This study included 15,464 Japanese individuals. We defined\n                    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on abdominal ultrasound findings where\n                    excess alcohol intake and other liver diseases were excluded. We used Cox\n                    proportional regression analysis to identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes\n                    onset.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results During 16,446 person-years of follow-up, 223 of 2,714\n                    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients developed type 2 diabetes; the\n                    cumulative incidence rate of type 2 diabetes was 13.6 per 1,000 person-years.\n                    The proportions of never, former, and current smokers (self-report) were\n                    35.3%, 31.1%, and 33.6%, and 88.5%,\n                    5.1%, and 6.4% in men and women, respectively. In a Cox\n                    regression model adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, waist circumference,\n                    alcohol intake, exercise, and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate\n                    aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lipid profiles, and blood pressure\n                    values, relative to never smokers, current smokers with non-alcoholic fatty\n                    liver disease had an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard\n                    ratio=2.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.43\u20132.94). In\n                    addition, former smoking affected the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, this\n                    effect was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusions This longitudinal study showed that current smoking may act as\n                    a \u201csecond hit\u201d and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in\n                    patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1813-7435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T23:05:50Z","timestamp":1648767950000},"page":"793-800","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cigarette Smoking Increases the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in\n                    Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Cohort\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Chan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun\n                    Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of\n                    Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s\n                    Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun\n                    Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence\n                    estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32374-6","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on diabetes: using data to transform diabetes care and\n                    patient lives","volume":"396","author":"JC N Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for\n                    2030","volume":"27","author":"S Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8","article-title":"Collaboration (NCD-RisC). 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treatment of metabolically unhealthy fat\n                    distribution","volume":"8","author":"N Stefan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1813-7435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1671325050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1813-7435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1813-7435","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-7349","1439-3646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-7349","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}