{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:11:42Z","timestamp":1719533502519},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kratom ist ein immergr\u00fcner Baum, der in S\u00fcdostasien heimisch ist\n                    und dessen Bl\u00e4tter traditionell als Stimulans, als Therapie bei\n                    verschiedenen gesundheitlichen Problemen und zu religi\u00f6sen Zwecken\n                    verwendet werden. Insbesondere in den USA (geringer auch in Europa) wird seit\n                    einigen Jahren eine relevante Pr\u00e4valenz des Kratomkonsums beobachtet. In\n                    westlichen L\u00e4ndern wird Kratom \u00fcberwiegend als Analgetikum und\n                    Stimulans, zur Behandlung von Schmerzen und Opioidgebrauchsst\u00f6rungen und\n                    zur g\u00fcnstigen Beeinflussung der psychischen Gesundheit (z.\u2009B.\n                    bei Depression, Angstst\u00f6rungen) verwendet. Die chemischen\n                    Hauptbestandteile von Kratom sind Alkaloide, von denen Mitragynin und\n                    7-Hydroxymitragynin am bedeutsamsten erscheinen. Die Pharmakodynamik und\n                    -kinetik von Kratom sind komplex und unzureichend untersucht. Bekannt ist, dass\n                    Mitragynin und 7-Hydroxymitragynin Partialagonisten an humanen\n                    \u03bc-Opioidrezeptoren und Antagonisten an \u03ba- und\n                    \u03b4-Opioidrezeptoren bei zus\u00e4tzlichen Effekten an weiteren\n                    zentralen Rezeptoren sind. Die Vertr\u00e4glichkeit von Kratom scheint im\n                    Vergleich mit klassischen Opioiden besser zu sein, was mit fehlenden Effekten\n                    von Kratom auf \u03b2-Arrestin in Verbindung gebracht und als Ausgangspunkt\n                    f\u00fcr die Entwicklung besser vertr\u00e4glicher Opioide diskutiert\n                    wurde. Einige Alkaloide in Kratom sind Inhibitoren von CYP2D6, geringer auch\n                    CYP2C19 und CYP3A4. Das Abh\u00e4ngigkeitspotential von Kratom scheint\n                    geringer ausgepr\u00e4gt zu sein als das von klassischen Opioiden, wobei die\n                    Datenlage dazu begrenzt ist und Kratomgebrauchsst\u00f6rungen prim\u00e4r\n                    in westlichen L\u00e4ngern auftreten. Es sind zahlreiche F\u00e4lle von\n                    schwerwiegenden gesundheitlichen Problemen und Todesf\u00e4lle im\n                    Zusammenhang mit Kratomkonsum in den USA bekannt, wobei in diesen F\u00e4llen\n                    meist mehrere Substanzen involviert waren. Kratomkonsum ist vermutlich mit\n                    hepatotoxischen und kardiotoxischen Effekten assoziiert. Kratom-assoziierte\n                    Morbidit\u00e4t und Mortalit\u00e4t unterscheiden sich zwischen westlichen\n                    L\u00e4ndern und S\u00fcdostasien, wo Kratomkonsum kein\n                    \u00f6ffentliches Gesundheitsproblem darstellt, quantitativ erheblich. Als\n                    Gr\u00fcnde hierf\u00fcr wurden der in westlichen L\u00e4ndern\n                    verbreitete Mischkonsum, h\u00f6here Dosierungen konsumierten Kratoms,\n                    Verf\u00e4lschungen und Verunreinigungen kommerziell erh\u00e4ltlicher\n                    Kratomprodukte in westlichen L\u00e4ndern, pharmakokinetische Interaktionen\n                    und h\u00f6here Konzentrationen von 7-Hydroxymitragynin in getrockneten\n                    Kratombl\u00e4ttern (die typischerweise in westlichen L\u00e4ndern\n                    konsumiert werden) im Vergleich mit frischen Bl\u00e4ttern (die\n                    typischerweise in S\u00fcdostasien konsumiert werden) genannt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1826-2766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T01:34:16Z","timestamp":1653528856000},"page":"455-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): eine psychoaktive Pflanze mit Chancen\n                    und Risiken"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Gahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie III,\n                    Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kratom-a short review for pain medicine","author":"F Lautenschlager","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"792","article-title":"Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic\n                    and opioid-like effects","volume":"112","author":"W Prozialeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"312","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): worldwise issues. Curr Oppin","volume":"33","author":"S Ramanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012","article-title":"From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivates: physiological and behavioural\n                    effects related to use, abuse, and addiction","volume":"37","author":"Z Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795371305","article-title":"Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tre from Southeast Asia with opioid\n                    activity","volume":"11","author":"J Adkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004","article-title":"Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the\n                    literature","volume":"126","author":"D Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b17666","volume-title":"ed. Kratom and other mitragynines: the chemistry and pharmacology of opioids\n                    from a non-opium source","author":"R Raffa","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1279-y","article-title":"The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of\n                    abuse","volume":"130","author":"M Warner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"235","article-title":"The abuse potential of kratom accoding to 8 factors of the controlled substances\n                    act: implications for regulation and research","author":"J Henningfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200719011653","article-title":"Kratom Dependence and Treatment Options: A Comprehensive Review of the\n                    Literature","volume":"21","author":"M Bin Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026","article-title":"The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary\n                    discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for\n                    abuse","volume":"134","author":"A Kruegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701205869","article-title":"The Use of Mitragynine speciosa (\u201cKrathom\u201d), an active plant, in\n                    Thailand","volume":"42","author":"S Assanangkornchai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"32","article-title":"Changing trends in the use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) in Southeast Asia","author":"D Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701525368","article-title":"Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom","volume":"16","author":"E Boyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007","article-title":"Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online\n                    survey","volume":"176","author":"O Grundmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"180","article-title":"Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users\n                    enrolled in a residential treatment program","author":"K Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications\n                    for the opioid epidemic","volume":"208","author":"A Garcia-Romeu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"202","article-title":"Kratom as a substitute for opioids: Results from an online survey","author":"M Coe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000570","article-title":"Self-reported Health Diagnoses and Demographic Correlats With Kratom Use:\n                    Results from and Online Survey","volume":"14","author":"R Bath","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1096434","article-title":"Experiences of Kratom Users: A Qualitative Analysis","volume":"47","author":"M Swogger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108879","article-title":"Therapeutic benefit with caveats?: Analyzing social media data to understand the\n                    complexities of kratom use","volume":"226","author":"K Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789075","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.789075","article-title":"Kratom Use in the US: Both a Regional Phenomenon and a White Midle-Class\n                    Phenomenon? Evidence from NSDU 2019 and an Online Convenience Sample","volume":"12","author":"J Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1569236","article-title":"Kratom exposures reported to United States poison control centers:\n                    2011\u20132017","volume":"57","author":"S Post","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17326","article-title":"Kratom exposure among older adults reported to U.S. poison centers,\n                    2014\u20132019","volume":"69","author":"J Graves","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15082","article-title":"Prevalence and description of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in teh United\n                    States: a cross-sectional study","volume":"116","author":"J Schimmel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.02.004","article-title":"Past-Year Kratom Use in the U.S.: Estimates From a Nationally Representative\n                    Sample","volume":"61","author":"J Palamar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2020.1788914","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of self-reported kratom use in a representative\n                    US general population sample","volume":"38","author":"J Covvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"00502","article-title":"Kratom Use Among U.S. Adolescents: Analyses of the 2019 National Survey on Drug\n                    Use and Health","volume":"S1054-139X","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.010","article-title":"Prevalence of psychoactive drug use among drivers in Thailand: a roadside\n                    survey","volume":"41","author":"A Ingsathit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.001","article-title":"Substance use among high-school students in Southern Thailand: trends over 3\n                    years (2002\u20132004)","volume":"86","author":"S Assanangkornchai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1836185","article-title":"A comparative analsis of kratom exposure cases in Thailand and the United States\n                    from 2010\u20132017","volume":"47","author":"C Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07039","article-title":"Kratom use fpr depresion\/anxiety self-management: challanges during the\n                    COVID-19 pandemic \u2013 A case report","volume":"10","author":"E M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04507","article-title":"Kratom instrumentalization for severe pain self-management resulting in adiction\n                    \u2013 A case report of acute and chronic subjective effects","volume":"6","author":"E M\u00fclller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"802","article-title":"Update on the Pharmacology and Legal Status of Kratom","volume":"116","author":"W Prozialeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1371363","article-title":"The Scheduling of Kratom and Selective Use of Data","volume":"50","author":"O Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Kratom now listed as legal herb. In","author":"K-O Laohong","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.003","article-title":"Kratom policy: The challenge of blancing therapeutic potential with public\n                    safety","volume":"70","author":"W Prozialeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.12.003","article-title":"The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the\n                    northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution\n                    therapy","volume":"21","author":"B Vicknasingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112462","article-title":"Patterns and reasons for kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use among current and\n                    former opioid poly-drug users","volume":"249","author":"D Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"e2805","article-title":"A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic\n                    potentia\u00f6 and safety profile of kratom in humans","author":"E Prevete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2021.1853706","article-title":"Assessing the therapeutic potential and toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa in\n                    opioid use disorder","volume":"17","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450118666170425154120","article-title":"Kratom and Future Treatment for the Opioid Addiction and Chronic Pain: Periculo\n                    Beneficium?","volume":"20","author":"I Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1823","article-title":"Abuse liability of mitragynine assessed with a self-administration procedure in\n                    rats","volume":"235","author":"K Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacolog (Berl)"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1259","article-title":"A Review on the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragyna speciosa and Its Drivates\n                    on Animal Model","volume":"19","author":"K-Y Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764885","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.764885","article-title":"Evaluation of Kratom Opioid Derivates as Potential Treatment Option for Alcohol\n                    Use Disorder","volume":"12","author":"A Gutridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"283","article-title":"The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic","volume":"93","author":"L Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"85","article-title":"S-adenosyl-1-methionine (SAMe), cannabidiol (CBD), and kratom in psychiatric\n                    disorders: Clinical and mechanistic considerations","author":"M Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"96","article-title":"Indole Alkaloids from Plants as Potential Leads for Antidepresant Drugs: A Mini\n                    Review","volume":"8","author":"A Hazrulrizawati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.012","article-title":"Kratom use and mental health: A systematic review","volume":"183","author":"M Swogger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"12","article-title":"Kratom Use Within the Context of the Evolving Opioid Crisis and the COVID-19\n                    Pandemic in the United States","author":"W Prozialeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"41","article-title":"The alkaloids of mitragyna with special reference to those of Mitragyna\n                    speciosa","volume":"26","author":"E Shellard","year":"1974","journal-title":"Korth Bull Narc"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"907","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization of the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa grown in\n                    U.S.A","volume":"4","author":"F L\u00e9on","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"916","volume-title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of analgesic indole alkaloids from the Rubicaceous\n                    plant, Mitragyna Speciosa","author":"H Takayama","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b00360","article-title":"Synthetic and receptor Signaling explorations of the Mitragyna alkaloids:\n                    Mitragynine as an atypical Molecular framework for opioid receptor\n                    Modulators","volume":"138","author":"A Kruegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"60","article-title":"A new indole alkaloid, 7 alpha-Hydroxy-7H-mitragynine, from Mitragyna speciosa\n                    in Thailand","author":"D Ponglux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.086","article-title":"Antinociception, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms induced by\n                    7-hydroxymitragynine, an alkaloid from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna\n                    speciosa","volume":"78","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.054","article-title":"Antinociceptive effect of 7-hydroxymitragynine in mice: discovery of an orally\n                    active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa","volume":"74","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0588-y","article-title":"Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with\n                    7-Hydroxymitragynine","volume":"12","author":"A Lydecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.05.003","article-title":"MGM-9 [(E)-methyl\n                    2-(3-ethyl-7a,12a-(epoxyethanoxy)-9-fluoro-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-octahydro-8-methoxyindolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-2-yl)-3-methoxyacrylate],\n                    a derivate of the indole alkaloid mitragynine: a novel dual-acting mu- and\n                    kappa-opioid agonist with potent antinociceptive and weak rewarding effects in\n                    mice","volume":"55","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1021\/jm010576e","article-title":"Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related\n                    indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other\n                    opioid ligands","volume":"45","author":"H Takayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00748","article-title":"Mitragynine\/Corynantheidone Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Anagesics with Mu\n                    Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit \u03b2-Arrestin-2","volume":"59","author":"A V\u00e1radi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.11.007","article-title":"Biased mu-opioid receptor ligans: a promising new generation of pain\n                    therapeutics","volume":"32","author":"E Siuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00151-x","article-title":"Kratom-Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive\n                    Review","volume":"9","author":"S Eastlack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02209.x","article-title":"Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragyna speciosa korth)","volume":"103","author":"E Boyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382760","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, ans excretion\n                    (ADME) properties of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and mitraphylline","volume":"80","author":"V Manda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Med"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.11.005","article-title":"Exploration of cytochrome P450 inhibition mediated drug-drug interaction\n                    potential of kratom alkaloids","volume":"319","author":"S Kamble","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2010.494.499","article-title":"Evaluation of Selected Malaysian Medicinal Plants on Phase I Drug Metabolizing\n                    Enzymes, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Activities in vitro","volume":"6","author":"N Hanapi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7344","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16097344","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract on cytochrome\n                    P450 enzymes using a high throughput assay","volume":"16","author":"W Kong","journal-title":"Molecules Molecules"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Pharmakokinetics of mitragynine in man","volume":"9","author":"S Trakulsrichai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Develop Ther"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1726","article-title":"Simple, Sensitive, High-Throughout Method for the Quantification of Mitragynine\n                    in Rat Plasma Using UPLS-MS and Its Application to an Intravenous\n                    Pharmakokinetic Study","volume":"27","author":"P Vuppala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00141","article-title":"7-Hydroxymitragynine Is an Active metabolite of Mitragynine and a Key Mediator\n                    of Its Analgesic Effects","volume":"5","author":"A Kruegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2018.1552819","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the\n                    metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa\n                    (kratom)","volume":"49","author":"S Kamble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12661","article-title":"Rate and extent of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine blood-brain barrier\n                    transport and their intra-brain distribution: the missing link in\n                    pharmacodynamic studies","volume":"24","author":"S Yusof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2746","article-title":"Development, validation, and application of an LC-MS\/MS method for\n                    mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine analysis in hair","volume":"12","author":"U Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.059","article-title":"The effect of Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa extracts, fraction and\n                    major constituents on place aversion and place preference in rats","volume":"151","author":"J Sufka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-01034-7","article-title":"Kratom Alkaloids, Natural and Semi-Synthetic, Show Less Physical Dependence and\n                    Ameliorate Opioid Withdrawal","volume":"41","author":"L Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0155-5","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna\n                    speciosa)","volume":"7","author":"F Kapp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017","article-title":"Kratom (Mktragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in\n                    regular users","volume":"139","author":"D Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"309","volume-title":"ed. Kratom: the epidemiology, use and abuse, addiction potential, and legal\n                    status","author":"R Raffa","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.924464","article-title":"Validation of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Dependence Scale (KDS): a\n                    dependence screen for internationally emerging psychoactive substace","volume":"35","author":"D Saingam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subtst Abus"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1511879","article-title":"Severity of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Psychological Withdrawal\n                    Symptoms","volume":"50","author":"D Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000721","article-title":"Treatment of Kratom Withdrawal and Dependence With\n                    Buprenorphine\/Naloxone: A case Series and Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"S Weiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-Term Cognitive Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Use","volume":"2019","author":"DP Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2174\/2405461503666180420120649","article-title":"Substance use disorder related to kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use in\n                    Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"D Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1012610","article-title":"Social Functioning of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Users in Malaysia","volume":"47","author":"D Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01242-6","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Liver Injury: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"80","author":"J Schimmel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S164261","article-title":"Current perspective on the impact of Kratom use","volume":"10","author":"C Veltri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-019-00741-y","article-title":"Kratom Adulterated with Phenethylamine and Associated Intrecerebral Hemorrhage:\n                    Linking Toxicologists and Public Health Officials to Indentify Dangerous\n                    Adulterants","volume":"16","author":"N Nacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.10.025","article-title":"Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a \u201cKrypton\u201d\n                    herbal mixture consumer","volume":"208","author":"T Arndt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000621","article-title":"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): worldwide issues","volume":"33","author":"S Ramanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Fortschritte der Neurologie \u00b7 Psychiatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1826-2766.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T21:16:25Z","timestamp":1719522985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1826-2766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1826-2766","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0720-4299","1439-3522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0720-4299","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]}}}