{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T15:21:52Z","timestamp":1767453712775},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by a wide clinical spectrum\n                    that includes abnormalities in liver function indicative of liver damage.\n                    Conversely, people with liver diseases are at higher risk of severe COVID-19. In\n                    the current review, we summarize first the epidemiologic evidence describing the\n                    bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and liver function\/liver\n                    diseases. Additionally, we present the most frequent histologic findings as well\n                    as the most important direct and indirect mechanisms supporting a COVID-19\n                    mediated liver injury. Furthermore, we focus on the most frequent liver disease\n                    in the general population, non-alcoholic or metabolic-associated fatty liver\n                    disease (NAFLD\/MAFLD), and describe how COVID-19 may affect\n                    NAFLD\/MAFLD development and progression and conversely how\n                    NAFLD\/MAFLD may further aggravate a COVID-19 infection. Finally, we\n                    present the long-term consequences of the pandemic on the development and\n                    management of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1834-9008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T23:53:12Z","timestamp":1650930792000},"page":"522-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Liver, NAFLD and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t\n                    Dresden, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine III, Dresden,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp A.","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH),\n                    Switzerland, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition,\n                    Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cavelti-Weder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH),\n                    Switzerland, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition,\n                    Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Licht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t\n                    Dresden, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine III, Dresden,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reham","family":"Kotb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, College of\n                    Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Al Dweik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Department of\n                    Public Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Cherfane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, College of\n                    Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan R.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t\n                    Dresden, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine III, Dresden,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Perakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t\n                    Dresden, Germany, Department of Internal Medicine III, Dresden,\n                    Germany"},{"name":"University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Paul\n                    Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, Dresden,\n                    Germany"},{"name":"Neuherberg, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment\n                    of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Z M Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and\n                    prevention","volume":"15","author":"Z Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.03.019","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and clinical outcomes in patients with\n                    COVID-19: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"A Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001605","article-title":"Risk of severe COVID-19 increased by metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty\n                    liver disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Z Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321611","article-title":"Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic\n                    dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores","volume":"69","author":"G Targher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.06.001","article-title":"Detrimental effects of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and\n                    increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on severity of COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"G Targher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24369","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024369","article-title":"The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on liver injury in China: a\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"X Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"13072","article-title":"Prevalence of liver injury and correlation with clinical outcomes in patients\n                    with COVID-19: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"F Del Zompo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.001","article-title":"AGA institute rapid review of the gastrointestinal and liver manifestations of\n                    COVID-19, meta-analysis of international data, and recommendations for the\n                    consultative management of patients with COVID-19","volume":"159","author":"S Sultan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.006","article-title":"COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests","volume":"73","author":"Q Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14565","article-title":"Abnormal liver function tests predict transfer to intensive care unit and death\n                    in COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"S Piano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14455","article-title":"Liver impairment in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective analysis of 115 cases\n                    from a single centre in Wuhan city, China","volume":"40","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06369-0","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic\n                    review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"C Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112507","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to evaluate the presence of hepatic and cardiac\n                    abnormalities in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome-A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"F Bende","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001154","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy: a novel entity","volume":"116","author":"N C Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2021.03.007","article-title":"Post-covid-19 cholangiopathy \u2013 a new indication for liver\n                    transplantation: a case report","volume":"53","author":"F A Durazo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244168","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244168","article-title":"Liver transplantation for post-COVID-19 sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"14","author":"A Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.044","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective\n                    study","volume":"73","author":"D Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240400","article-title":"In-hospital mortality is associated with inflammatory response in NAFLD patients\n                    admitted for COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"R Forlano","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.01.20185850 Preprint","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and risk of hospitalization for\n                    Covid-19","author":"C Bramante","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604100","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.604100","article-title":"Association and interaction between serum interleukin-6 levels and metabolic\n                    dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in patients with severe coronavirus\n                    disease 2019","volume":"12","author":"F Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000739","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000739","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in COVID-19 and cirrhosis: a systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"8","author":"P Middleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324879","article-title":"COVID-19 in liver transplant candidates: pretransplant and post-transplant\n                    outcomes \u2013 an ELITA\/ELTR multicentre cohort study","volume":"70","author":"L S Belli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7693","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i48.7693","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatic steatosis and vascular thrombosis in COVID-19: a\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis of autopsy data","volume":"26","author":"L A Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749318","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.749318","article-title":"Liver histopathological analysis of 24 postmortem findings of patients with\n                    COVID-19 in China","volume":"8","author":"H Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i42.5286","article-title":"Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"16","author":"E M Brunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2004.04.017","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: histologic features and clinical correlations with\n                    30 blinded biopsy specimens","volume":"35","author":"E M Brunt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"87","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cell activation occurs in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"H Cortez-Pinto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"C B Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03731-9","article-title":"Differential expression in humans of the viral entry receptor ACE2 compared with\n                    the short deltaACE2 isoform lacking SARS-CoV-2 binding sites","volume":"11","author":"T L Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14500","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 virus and liver expression of host receptors: Putative mechanisms of\n                    liver involvement in COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"C J Pirola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.12.007","article-title":"Increased expression of key SARS-CoV-2 entry points in multiple tissues in\n                    individuals with NAFLD","volume":"74","author":"A S Meijnikman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd2985","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity","volume":"370","author":"L Cantuti-Castelvetri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3072","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"370","author":"J L Daly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i24.3516","article-title":"Neuropilin-1: A feasible link between liver pathologies and COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"A Benedicto","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41203","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 promotes cirrhosis of the rodent and human liver by enhancing\n                    PDGF\/TGF-beta signaling in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"120","author":"S Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7065","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i23.7065","article-title":"Neuropilins and liver","volume":"21","author":"G O Elpek","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2011400","article-title":"Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"383","author":"V G Puelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14601","article-title":"Liver histopathology in severe COVID 19 respiratory failure is suggestive of\n                    vascular alterations","volume":"40","author":"A Sonzogni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.05.002","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in\n                    patients with COVID-19","volume":"73","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00649-x","article-title":"Hepatic pathology in patients dying of COVID-19: a series of 40 cases including\n                    clinical, histologic, and virologic data","volume":"33","author":"S M Lagana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2021.151881","article-title":"The histologic and molecular correlates of liver disease in fatal COVID-19\n                    including with alcohol use disorder","volume":"57","author":"G J Nuovo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14730","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"A D Nardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154320","article-title":"The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of\n                    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"111S","author":"N Perakakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism Clin Exp"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23621","article-title":"Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients\n                    with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"115","author":"K L Donnelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.91","article-title":"SREBP-regulated lipid metabolism: convergent physiology \u2013 divergent\n                    pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"H Shimano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.04.013","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"412","author":"G H Koek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101695","article-title":"The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces endothelial inflammation through\n                    integrin alpha5beta1 and NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"298","author":"J P Robles","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"760","article-title":"COVID-19 and Indirect Liver Injury: A Narrative Synthesis of the Evidence","volume":"9","author":"F Idalsoaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.050","article-title":"Liver injury in COVID-19 and IL-6 trans-signaling-induced endotheliopathy","volume":"75","author":"M J McConnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan,\n                    China","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.02.026","article-title":"Targeting hepatic macrophages to treat liver diseases","volume":"66","author":"F Tacke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1158","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis stimulates fibrosis in\n                    the steatotic liver in mice","volume":"2","author":"Y Osawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31658","article-title":"Myeloid-cell-specific IL-6 signaling promotes microRNA-223-enriched exosome\n                    production to attenuate NAFLD-associated fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"X Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055","article-title":"COVID-19 and the heart","volume":"126","author":"A Akhmerov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30824","article-title":"Liver injury and failure in critical illness","volume":"70","author":"T Horvatits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4412","article-title":"Activation of intestinal hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha during obesity\n                    contributes to hepatic steatosis","volume":"23","author":"C Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30215","article-title":"Macrophage-specific hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha contributes to impaired\n                    autophagic flux in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E710","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00052.2019","article-title":"Hypoxia exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via the\n                    HIF-2alpha\/PPARalpha pathway","volume":"317","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10839","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102488","article-title":"HIF-2alpha upregulation mediated by hypoxia promotes NAFLD-HCC progression by\n                    activating lipid synthesis via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway","volume":"11","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24400","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2alpha promotes steatohepatitis through\n                    augmenting lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"A Qu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15916","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: liver manifestations and outcomes in\n                    COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"A V Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 \u2013 final report","volume":"383","author":"J H Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"B Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i48.8370","article-title":"Strategy for the control of drug-induced liver injury due to investigational\n                    treatments\/drugs for COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"K Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00676-0","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a\n                    randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"397","author":"R C Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30173-9","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"G Guaraldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14516","article-title":"First case of drug-induced liver injury associated with the use of tocilizumab\n                    in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"D Muhovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30190-4","article-title":"Management of patients with liver derangement during the COVID-19 pandemic: an\n                    Asia-Pacific position statement.","volume":"5","author":"G L Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with\n                    COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group,\n                    placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet","volume":"9","author":"V C Marconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1812191","article-title":"Baricitinib, JAK inhibitors and liver injury: a cause for concern in\n                    COVID-19?","volume":"19","author":"E Raschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194432","article-title":"Characterisation of drug-induced liver injury in patients with COVID-19 detected\n                    by a proactive pharmacovigilance program from laboratory signals","volume":"10","author":"A Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2019.01.003","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"85","author":"J Allard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12514","article-title":"Acetaminophen-induced liver injury in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver\n                    disease","volume":"34","author":"A Michaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00072.x","article-title":"A prospective study of acute drug-induced liver injury in patients suffering\n                    from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"37","author":"G Tarantino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01008-x","article-title":"Temporal landscape of human gut RNA and DNA virome in SARS-CoV-2 infection and\n                    severity","volume":"9","author":"T Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323020","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune\n                    responses in patients with COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Y K Yeoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2021.09.004 Online ahead of print","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in COVID-19","author":"T Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genom Proteom Bioinform"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of\n                    hospitalization","volume":"159","author":"T Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.048","article-title":"Alterations in fecal fungal microbiome of patients with COVID-19 during time of\n                    hospitalization until discharge","volume":"159","author":"T Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9302","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201809302","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in NAFLD and NASH","volume":"11","author":"A A Kolodziejczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e052777","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052777","article-title":"Rebeaud MEet al. Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and\n                    COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of\n                    observational studies","volume":"11","author":"Y Mahamat-Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102307","article-title":"Prediabetes and COVID-19 severity, an underestimated risk factor: a systematic\n                    review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"M Heidarpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.044","article-title":"Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"A Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102308","article-title":"Impact of metabolic and cardiovascular disease on COVID-19 mortality: a\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"S Sahni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154894","article-title":"Metabolically unhealthy individuals, either with obesity or not, have a higher\n                    risk of critical coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes than metabolically healthy\n                    individuals without obesity","volume":"128","author":"N H Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27556","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and blood glucose deterioration are risk factors for severe\n                    COVID-19 with diabetes: a two-center cohort study","volume":"94","author":"F Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.12.032","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, maternal adiposity, and insulin-dependent gestational\n                    diabetes are associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy: the INTERCOVID study","author":"B Eskenazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1736-5","article-title":"Fatty liver is associated with recurrent bacterial infections independent of\n                    metabolic syndrome","volume":"56","author":"W Nseir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.04.014","article-title":"Fatty liver and chronic inflammation in Chinese adults","volume":"81","author":"P W Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i8.727","article-title":"Role of cytokines and chemokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"18","author":"V Braunersreuther","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0082-x","article-title":"The role of macrophages in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic\n                    steatohepatitis","volume":"16","author":"K Kazankov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24285","article-title":"Little to no expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 on most human\n                    peripheral blood immune cells but highly expressed on tissue macrophages","author":"X Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.03.013","article-title":"Primignani Met al. Procoagulant imbalance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty\n                    liver disease","volume":"61","author":"A Tripodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26510","article-title":"Prothrombotic factors in histologically proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\n                    and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"59","author":"A Verrijken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.10.020","article-title":"Reply to: \u201cNAFLD is a predictor of liver injury in COVID-19 hospitalized\n                    patients but not of mortality, disease severity on the presentation or\n                    progression \u2013 The debate continues\u201d","volume":"74","author":"D Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"9","article-title":"Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with COVID-19 severity and\n                    pulmonary thrombosis: CovidFAT, a prospective, observational cohort study","author":"N Vrsaljko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03073.x","article-title":"Systematic review of the association between lung function and Type 2 diabetes\n                    mellitus","volume":"27","author":"O L Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.0627","article-title":"Potential biochemical mechanisms of lung injury in diabetes","volume":"8","author":"H Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3377","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3377","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019\n                    (Covid-19)","volume":"37","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325724 Online ahead of print","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and incident major adverse cardiovascular\n                    events: results from a nationwide histology cohort","author":"T G Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00244-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and metabolic disease: mechanisms and clinical management","volume":"9","author":"C Steenblock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061583","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity:\n                    results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey","volume":"12","author":"A Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14549","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14549","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on accelerometer-assessed physical activity\n                    and sleep in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"A V Rowlands","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002035","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002035","article-title":"Increased stress, weight gain and less exercise in relation to glycemic control\n                    in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"9","author":"M M Ruissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15158","article-title":"Lifestyle changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic impact metabolic\n                    dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"H Fujii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1873","article-title":"Fatty liver and the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: health behaviors, social\n                    factors, and telemedicine satisfaction in vulnerable populations","volume":"6","author":"R G Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.042","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on routine care for chronic diseases: A global survey of\n                    views from healthcare professionals","volume":"14","author":"Y V Chudasama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1870","article-title":"Impact of the Corona virus disease 2019 pandemic on hepatology practice and\n                    provider burnout","volume":"6","author":"M W Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"9","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is highly prevalent in the postacute\n                    COVID syndrome","author":"J Milic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.04.026","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with non-alcoholic\n                    fatty liver disease (CHESS2101): a multicenter study","volume":"75","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1834-9008.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:35:46Z","timestamp":1661384146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1834-9008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1834-9008","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}}}