{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1784046394155,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Posttraumatic enophthalmos (PE) arises when the ocular globe is displaced posteriorly and inferiorly in the orbital cavity due to a mismatch in orbital volume and orbital content. This most commonly happens after orbital fractures. The resulting disruptions to aesthetic form and ocular functions often necessitate surgical correction for reconstruction and restoration. The purpose of surgical management of PE is to reconstruct orbital shape and volume as well as to restore any herniated orbital content. This can be particularly challenging in cases involving large defects that require complex orbital reconstruction. Recent advancements in computer-aided surgery have introduced innovative and important tools to assist surgeons with these difficult cases. The ability to create customized, patient-specific implants can facilitate reconstruction involving complicated anatomy. Additionally, intraoperative imaging and intraoperative navigation can serve as useful guides for surgeons to more accurately place implants, especially in cases with limited visualization, in order to achieve optimal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1849-5491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T23:05:09Z","timestamp":1652310309000},"page":"364-374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Management of Posttraumatic Enophthalmos Including Complex Secondary Deficits"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Gengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3883-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-yen","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824e6a1a","article-title":"Posttraumatic enophthalmos: injuries and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Y-H Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.06.009","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of enophthalmos","volume":"52","author":"M Hamedani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31828b6c2d","article-title":"Change of the orbital volume ratio in pure blow-out fractures depending on fracture location","volume":"24","author":"S A Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","first-page":"53","article-title":"Enophthalmos as a prognostic factor in blow-out fracture of the orbit. Retrospective study of over 700 cases","volume":"60","author":"P Koryczan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Med Cracov"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1943387520924515","article-title":"Review of orbital fractures in an urban level I trauma center","volume":"13","author":"D Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204946","article-title":"Predictors of enophthalmos among adult patients with pure orbital blowout fractures","volume":"13","author":"S Ahmad Nasir","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.08.028","article-title":"Enophthalmos and orbital volume changes in zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures: is there a correlation between them?","volume":"77","author":"A Ebrahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2021.0177","article-title":"Predictors of delayed enophthalmos after orbital fractures: a systematic review","author":"A Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.06.269","article-title":"Secondary post-traumatic enophthalmos: high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging compared with multislice computed tomography in postoperative orbital volume measurement","volume":"65","author":"A Kolk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.07.098","article-title":"Computer-assisted planning, stereolithographic modeling, and intraoperative navigation for complex orbital reconstruction: a descriptive study in a preliminary cohort","volume":"67","author":"R B Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608781","article-title":"Secondary repair of posttraumatic enophthalmos and extraocular movement disorders","volume":"33","author":"K Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.05.049","article-title":"Prediction of post-traumatic enophthalmos based on orbital volume measurements: a systematic review","volume":"78","author":"M Schlund","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.8.618","article-title":"Prediction of enophthalmos by computed tomography after \u2018blow out\u2019 orbital fracture","volume":"78","author":"R W Whitehouse","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2019.1691607","article-title":"Post-traumatic enophthalmos secondary to orbital fat atrophy: a volumetric analysis","volume":"39","author":"L M Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-019-00748-3","article-title":"Does postoperative orbital volume predict postoperative globe malposition after blow-out fracture reconstruction? A 6-month clinical follow-up study","volume":"23","author":"J Sn\u00e4ll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1399799","article-title":"Posttraumatic delayed enophthalmos: analogies with silent sinus syndrome? Case report and literature review","volume":"8","author":"G Canzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.015","article-title":"Conservatively treated orbital blowout fractures: spontaneous radiologic improvement","volume":"125","author":"S M Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2019.0201","article-title":"Trends in concurrent orbital floor repair during zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture repair","volume":"21","author":"J Flynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198602000-00004","article-title":"Mechanisms of global support and posttraumatic enophthalmos: I. The anatomy of the ligament sling and its relation to intramuscular cone orbital fat","volume":"77","author":"P N Manson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.1.56","article-title":"Reconstruction of orbital floor fractures with maxillary bone","volume":"124","author":"H H Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Orbital Fractures: Diagnosis, Operative Treatment, Secondary Corrections","author":"B Hammer","year":"1995"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2006.08.003","article-title":"Post-traumatic orbital reconstruction: anatomical landmarks and the concept of the deep orbit","volume":"45","author":"B T Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","first-page":"22","article-title":"Endoscopic repair of posttraumatic enophthalmos using medial transconjunctival approach: a case report","volume":"4","author":"C M Barone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Trauma"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200210000-00001","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted transconjunctival approach in orbital medial wall fractures","volume":"49","author":"G H Mun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200208000-00006","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal approach for the treatment of medial orbital blow-out fracture: a technique for controlling the fractured wall with a balloon catheter and Merocel","volume":"110","author":"M J Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200112000-00027","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted repair of orbital floor fractures","volume":"108","author":"C T Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref27","first-page":"00344-1","article-title":"Critical appraisal of patient-specific implants for secondary post-traumatic orbital reconstruction","volume":"S0901-5027","author":"R Schreurs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2014.1343","article-title":"Use of intraoperative computed tomography for maxillofacial reconstructive surgery","volume":"17","author":"D A Shaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15433-0","article-title":"Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries","volume":"363","author":"A Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2312030767","article-title":"Diagnostic CT scans: assessment of patient, physician, and radiologist awareness of radiation dose and possible risks","volume":"231","author":"C I Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.1.1.19","article-title":"Use of intraoperative computed tomography during repair of orbitozygomatic fractures","volume":"1","author":"R B Stanley Jr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2000.0014","article-title":"Intraoperative computed tomography with the mobile CT Tomoscan M during surgical treatment of orbital fractures","volume":"30","author":"F Hoelzle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.06.006","article-title":"Intraoperative cone beam computed tomography in the management of facial fractures","volume":"41","author":"B A Stuck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.10.031","article-title":"Intraoperative imaging with a 3D C-arm system after zygomatico-orbital complex fracture reduction","volume":"71","author":"F Wilde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.05.002","article-title":"Intraoperative imaging changes management in orbital fracture repair","volume":"75","author":"V Borad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.12.004","article-title":"Use of intraoperative computed tomography in craniomaxillofacial trauma surgery","volume":"76","author":"K Cuddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910800108","article-title":"Optical tracking of a microscope for image-guided intranasal sinus surgery","volume":"108","author":"R Hauser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(97)80075-3","article-title":"Inherent precision of mechanical, infrared and laser-guided navigation systems for computer-assisted surgery","volume":"25","author":"R Marmulla","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.3.390","article-title":"Experience with various 3-dimensional navigation systems in head and neck surgery","volume":"126","author":"A R Gunkel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(99)80017-1","article-title":"Positioning of dental implants using computer-aided navigation and an optical tracking system: case report and presentation of a new method","volume":"27","author":"F Watzinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2021.0379","article-title":"Does intraoperative navigation improve implant position accuracy in orbital fracture repair?","author":"A Parameswaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0117","article-title":"Complications following orbital floor repair: impact of intraoperative computed tomography scan and implant material","author":"J Causbie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2021.1998915","article-title":"Outcomes and complications of evisceration with primary implant: an electronic medical record driven analytics of 1800 cases","author":"T V Dave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1563392","article-title":"Orbital wall reconstruction with two-piece puzzle 3D printed implants: technical note","volume":"9","author":"M Y Mommaerts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725088","article-title":"Alloplastic facial implants","volume":"37","author":"T Y Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1849-5491.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T23:15:16Z","timestamp":1666394116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1849-5491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1849-5491","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-6825","1098-8793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-6825","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}}}