{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:20Z","timestamp":1787004860749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently one of the major\n                    health concerns worldwide accounting for many deaths and posing a great social\n                    and economic burden. Early activation of adrenal hormone secretion is pivotal to\n                    surviving systemic microbial infections. In addition, clinical studies\n                    demonstrated that glucocorticoids might also be beneficial in reducing disease\n                    progression and life deterioration in certain patients with COVID-19. Recent\n                    studies demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 might target the adrenal glands, raising\n                    the possibility that at least some COVID-19 complications may be associated with\n                    adrenal dysfunction. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection might cause adrenal\n                    dysfunction remains unknown. Histopathological examinations provided evidence\n                    that SARS-CoV-2 infection might indeed cause certain structural damage to the\n                    adrenal glands, especially concerning its vascular system. However, since no\n                    widespread cellular damage to cortical cells was observed, it is less likely\n                    that those changes could lead to an immediate adrenal crisis. This assumption is\n                    supported by the limited number of studies reporting rather adequate cortisol\n                    levels in patients with acute COVID-19. Those studies, however, could not\n                    exclude a potential late-onset or milder form of adrenal insufficiency. Although\n                    structural damage to adrenal glands is a rarely reported complication of\n                    COVID-19, some patients might develop a critical illness-related corticosteroid\n                    insufficiency (CIRCI), or iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency resulting from\n                    prolonged treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids. In this mini-review article,\n                    we aimed at describing and discussing factors involved in the adrenal gland\n                    function and possible dysfunction during COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1873-2150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T18:42:10Z","timestamp":1660070530000},"page":"532-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Adrenal Gland Function and Dysfunction During\n                    COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Kanczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav\n                    Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqar Haider","family":"Gaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Shaikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab\n                    Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Krone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield,\n                    Sheffield, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital\n                    Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Beuschlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische\n                    Ern\u00e4hrung, Universit\u00e4tsSpital Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich,\n                    Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Hantel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav\n                    Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische\n                    Ern\u00e4hrung, Universit\u00e4tsSpital Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich,\n                    Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Andoniadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King\u2019s College\n                    London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern\n                    Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan R.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav\n                    Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences,\n                    Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London,\n                    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"E Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019\n                    (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary 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