{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T13:21:40Z","timestamp":1771766500827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19 may influence human fertility and sexuality in several ways. Different\n                    cell types in gonads show a constitutive expression of angiotensin-converting\n                    enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), which\n                    provide potential entry pathways for SARS-CoV-2. In addition to the biological\n                    effects of a COVID-19 infection on the gonads, the impact of the ongoing\n                    COVID-19 pandemic on mental health issues and sexual behavior may affect\n                    reproduction. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the influence of\n                    COVID-19 on the gonads and discusses possible consequences on human fertility.\n                    In this context, the close interaction between the\n                    hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis\n                    in response to COVID-19-related stress is discussed. Some women noticed changes\n                    in their menstrual cycle during the COVID-19 pandemic, which could be due to\n                    psychological stress, for example. In addition, occasional cases of reduced\n                    oocyte quality and ovarian function are described after COVID-19 infection. In\n                    men, COVID-19 may cause a short-term decrease in fertility by damaging\n                    testicular tissue and\/or impairing spermatogenesis. Moreover, decreased\n                    ratio testosterone\/LH and FSH\/LH in COVID-19 compared to\n                    aged-matched healthy men has been reported. Available data do not suggest any\n                    effect of the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on fertility. The effects of long\n                    COVID on human fertility have been reported and include cases with premature\n                    ovarian failure and oligomenorrhoea in women and erectile dysfunction in men.\n                    Despite the increasing knowledge about the effects of COVID-19 infections on\n                    human gonads and fertility, the long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic\n                    cannot yet be assessed in this context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1891-6621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T22:46:39Z","timestamp":1658270799000},"page":"549-555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["COVID-19 Infections in Gonads: Consequences on\n                    Fertility?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Bechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University\n                    Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden,\n                    Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Maccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital\n                    Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reham","family":"Kotb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Public Health, College of Health\n                    Science, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rania Al","family":"Dweik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Public Health, College of Health\n                    Science, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Cherfane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Public Health, College of Health\n                    Science, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Moch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital\n                    Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan R.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus,\n                    Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden,\n                    Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science and Medicine,\n                    King's College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital\n                    Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2021.100408","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sexual function of health professionals from\n                    an epicenter in Brazil","volume":"9","author":"R P Neto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2021.100367","article-title":"Mental and sexual health of Polish women of reproductive age during the COVID-19\n                    pandemic \u2013 an online survey","volume":"9","author":"E Szuster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13193","article-title":"Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on female sexual behavior","volume":"150","author":"B Yuksel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc9520","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and human fertility","volume":"369","author":"A Aassve","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"839","volume-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. 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