{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:55:52Z","timestamp":1791618952551,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","funder":[{"name":"FHU ARRIMAGE, CHRU of Nancy and University of Lorraine"},{"name":"The AGIR grant of Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine and CHRU of Nancy"},{"name":"The French PIA project \u201cLorraine Universit\u00e9 d'Excellence,\u201d","award":["ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thromboembolic manifestations are relatively frequent in patients with intermediate\/severe hyperhomocysteinemia (&gt;30 \u00b5mol\/L) related to inherited disorders and deficiencies in vitamin B12 and folate. In contrast, moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (15\u201330 \u00b5mol\/L) is a modest predictor of cardiovascular risk. The recognition of homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk factor has been challenged by some but not all randomized clinical trials. We reviewed the main data of this controversy and formulated conclusions to be translated in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Homocysteine-lowering trials have been performed in cardiovascular subjects with moderate but not intermediate\/severe hyperhomocysteinemia despite the dose\u2013effect risk association. The first meta-analyses found no benefit and led cardiology societies not recommending homocysteine in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. This guideline challenged the need to diagnose and treat the nutritional and genetic causes of intermediate\/major hyperhomocysteinemia and was not revised when larger meta-analyses concluded to a reduced risk of stroke. In a recent observational study, 84% of consecutive cardiovascular patients assessed for homocysteine had intermediate or major hyperhomocysteinemia, which was properly assessed in only half of the cases and related to B12 and\/or folate deficiency and Addison\/Biermer disease in 55% of these cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, revisiting observational studies and clinical trials suggests that cardiovascular patients should be screened for hyperhomocysteinemia, when no other risk factor is found. Patients with intermediate\/major hyperhomocysteinemia should be properly assessed and treated for B vitamin deficiencies and inherited disorders according to current guidelines. Further trials are needed to assess the effect of lowering homocysteine according to hyperhomocysteinemia categories at baseline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1952-1946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T18:57:06Z","timestamp":1664391426000},"page":"270-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Hyperhomocysteinemia in Cardiovascular Diseases: Revisiting Observational Studies and Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Gu\u00e9ant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Departments of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa-Maria","family":"Gu\u00e9ant-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Departments of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Oussalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Departments of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Zuily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Auto-Immune Diseases, INSERM UMR_S 1116 DCAC and CHRU-Nancy, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwin","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United 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