{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1755839407034,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>By the end of December 2019 new corona virus began to spread from Wuhan, China\n                    and caused a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 deaths and prevalence represented sex\n                    discrepant patterns with higher rate of deaths and infection in males than\n                    females which could be justified by androgen-mediated mechanisms. This review\n                    aimed to assess the role of androgens in COVID-19 severity and mortality.\n                    Androgens increase expressions of Type II transmembrane Serine Protease\n                    (TMPRSS2) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), which both facilitate new\n                    corona virus entry into host cell and their expression is higher in young males\n                    than females. According to observational studies, prevalence of COVID-19\n                    infections and deaths was more in androgenic alopecic patients than patients\n                    without androgenic alopecia. The COVID-19 mortality rates in aged men\n                    (&gt;60 years) were substantially higher than aged females and even young\n                    males caused by high inflammatory activities such as cytokine storm due to\n                    hypogonadism in this population. Use of anti-androgen and TMPRSS2 inhibitor\n                    drugs considerably modified COVID-19 symptoms. Androgen deprivation therapy also\n                    improved COVID-19 symptoms in prostate cancer: overall the role of androgens in\n                    severity of COVID-19 and its associated mortality seemed to be very important.\n                    So, more studies in variety of populations are required to define the absolute\n                    role of androgens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1954-5605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T23:08:07Z","timestamp":1664924887000},"page":"813-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Androgens\u2019 Role in Severity and Mortality Rates of\n                    COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9721-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ataei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences,\n                    Bam, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Moein","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical\n                    Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohadese","family":"Razmjooie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing School, Islamic Azad University of Darab, Darab,\n                    Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Zare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of\n                    Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habibe","family":"Amiresmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman,\n                    Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of\n                    Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Namakkoobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences,\n                    Rafsanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3505-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Mirhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi\n                    University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bardia","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol,\n                    Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Iravani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Paramedical Sciences, Yazd University of Medical Science,\n                    Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25757","article-title":"COVID-19 patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and\n                    fatality rate of meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"L-q Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.006","article-title":"Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in\n                    Wuhan","volume":"146","author":"X Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002149","article-title":"Elevated 17\u03b2-estradiol protects females from influenza A virus\n                    pathogenesis by suppressing inflammatory responses","volume":"7","author":"D P Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"205","article-title":"Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases","volume":"52","author":"E Ortona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Istitut Sup Sanita"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237297","article-title":"Gender differences in predictors of intensive care units admission among\n                    COVID-19 patients: the results of the SARS-RAS study of the Italian society of\n                    hypertension","volume":"15","author":"G Iaccarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13443","article-title":"A preliminary observation: male pattern hair loss among hospitalized COVID-19\n                    patients in Spain \u2013 a potential clue to the role of androgens in\n                    COVID-19 severity","volume":"19","author":"A Goren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab114","article-title":"Do anti-androgens have potential as therapeutics for COVID-19?","volume":"162","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105074","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19: digit ratio (2D: 4D) and sex differences in national\n                    case fatality rates","volume":"146","author":"J T Manning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Develop"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59261-5_23","article-title":"23 Gender susceptibility to COVID-19 mortality: androgens as the usual\n                    suspects?","volume":"1321","author":"A Vahedian-Azimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Sex differences in mortality from COVID-19 pandemic: are men vulnerable and\n                    women protected?","volume":"2","author":"G Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.02.024","article-title":"Progesterone in addition to standard of care vs standard of care alone in the\n                    treatment of men hospitalized with moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized,\n                    controlled pilot trial","volume":"160","author":"S Ghandehari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1980","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1980","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol, a potential ally to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"75","author":"A C Breithaupt-Faloppa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmac041","article-title":"Mortality in COVID-19 amongst women on hormone replacement therapy or combined\n                    oral contraception: a cohort study","author":"H Dambha-Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12993","article-title":"Severely low testosterone in males with COVID-19: A case-control study","volume":"9","author":"A Salonia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112209","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1-mediated endothelial injury and pro-inflammatory\n                    state is amplified by dihydrotestosterone and prevented by mineralocorticoid\n                    antagonism","volume":"13","author":"N Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312580","article-title":"Zhang Yet al. Endothelial response to pathophysiological stress","volume":"39","author":"Z Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2021.4.460","article-title":"Erectile dysfunction and testosterone levels prior to COVID-19 disease: what is\n                    the relationship?","volume":"93","author":"K Karkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the\n                    renin-angiotensin system: celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of\n                    ACE2","volume":"126","author":"M Gheblawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000633","article-title":"Pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and inflammatory lung\n                    disease","volume":"46","author":"H Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L843","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00391.2020","article-title":"Sex steroids skew ACE2 expression in human airway: a contributing factor to sex\n                    differences in COVID-19?","volume":"319","author":"RS R Kalidhindi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2004.10.010","article-title":"Membrane-associated zinc peptidase families: comparing ACE and ACE2","volume":"1751","author":"J Guy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically\n                    proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0443","article-title":"The novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog, ACE2, is selectively\n                    expressed by adult Leydig cells of the testis","volume":"145","author":"G C Douglas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908207116","article-title":"Directing differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward\n                    androgen-producing Leydig cells rather than adrenal cells","volume":"116","author":"L Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"A C Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.11.021","article-title":"Host cell proteases: critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and\n                    pathogenesis","volume":"202","author":"J K Millet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708727114","article-title":"Tectonic conformational changes of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein promote\n                    membrane fusion","volume":"114","author":"A C Walls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"4180","article-title":"Prostate-localized and androgen-regulated expression of the membrane-bound\n                    serine protease TMPRSS2","volume":"59","author":"B Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02165.x","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the cDNA and gene for human epitheliasin","volume":"268","author":"E Jacquinet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2020.1389","article-title":"Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: a narrative review","author":"I Ambrosino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"e102","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in Covid-19. N Eng","volume":"382","author":"M R Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus\n                    \u2013 induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"K Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0422","article-title":"Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study\n                    during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"10","author":"M Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.26.3.965-975.2006","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of mice lacking the Tmprss2-encoded protease","volume":"26","author":"T S Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01815","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01815-18","article-title":"TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine\n                    models after coronavirus infection","volume":"93","author":"N Iwata-Yoshikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms for TMPRSS2 expression explain organ-specific inhibition of\n                    SARS-CoV-2 infection by enzalutamide","volume":"12","author":"F Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"277","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity\n                    when compared with Delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells. Emerg","volume":"11","author":"H Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04474-x","article-title":"Altered TMPRSS2 usage by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron impacts infectivity and\n                    fusogenicity","volume":"603","author":"B Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-22-0104","article-title":"Higher premorbid serum testosterone predicts COVID-19-related mortality risk in\n                    men","volume":"187","author":"B B Yeap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241572","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-241572","article-title":"Expression of concern: potential risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease\n                    among anabolic steroid users","volume":"14","author":"F Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep CP"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2174\/138920209787581307","article-title":"The role of androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer progression","volume":"10","author":"G Brooke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Genom"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.18","article-title":"Androgen receptor: structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery","volume":"36","author":"M E Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sinica"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1098","article-title":"Androgen regulation of the TMPRSS2 gene and the effect of a SNP in an androgen\n                    response element","volume":"27","author":"L Clinckemalie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2014.08.014","article-title":"The co-chaperone p23 promotes prostate cancer motility and metastasis","volume":"9","author":"L Q Cano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.12.022","article-title":"Androgen receptor and androgen-dependent gene expression in lung","volume":"317","author":"L Mikkonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20638","article-title":"Direct activation of TGF-\u03b21 transcription by androgen and androgen\n                    receptor complex in Huh7 human hepatoma cells and its tumor in nude mice","volume":"97","author":"G Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-1382","article-title":"Research resource: diagnostic and therapeutic potential of nuclear receptor\n                    expression in lung cancer","volume":"26","author":"Y Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24342-y","article-title":"The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry\n                    of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells","volume":"12","author":"D Leach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 and host entry factors distribution in a COVID-19\n                    autopsy series","volume":"1","author":"X-M Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16956","article-title":"Androgen receptor genetic variant predicts COVID-19 disease severity: a\n                    prospective longitudinal study of hospitalized COVID-19 male patients","volume":"35","author":"J McCoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103629","article-title":"Host genetic factors determining COVID-19 susceptibility and severity","volume":"72","author":"T P Velavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMed"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0013","article-title":"The decline of androgen levels in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic\n                    implications","volume":"26","author":"J M Kaufman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1972","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are\n                    differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European male\n                    aging study","volume":"93","author":"F C Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1796","article-title":"Characteristics of secondary, primary, and compensated hypogonadism in aging\n                    men: evidence from the European male ageing study","volume":"95","author":"A Tajar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1375","article-title":"A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men","volume":"92","author":"T G Travison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7219","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in\n                    healthy men","volume":"86","author":"S M Harman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032401","article-title":"Sex differences in the association between serum levels of testosterone and\n                    frailty in an elderly population: the Toledo study for healthy aging","volume":"7","author":"L Carcaillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471584","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/471584.","article-title":"The role of testosterone in the etiology and treatment of obesity, the metabolic\n                    syndrome, and diabetes mellitus type 2","author":"F Saad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00005","article-title":"Testosterone and all-cause mortality in older men: the role of metabolic\n                    syndrome","volume":"2","author":"N Laouali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0955","article-title":"Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"168","author":"G Corona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21642","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in men with prostate carcinoma who receive\n                    androgen-deprivation therapy","volume":"106","author":"S Basaria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.063","article-title":"Changes in fat and lean body mass during androgen-deprivation therapy for\n                    prostate cancer","volume":"63","author":"M R Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2507","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer","volume":"91","author":"M R Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810390258","article-title":"Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1","author":"V Muraleedharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Therap Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lower testosterone levels predict increasing severity and worse outcomes of\n                    hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure in males","volume":"21","author":"H Yandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol (Web)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810390258","article-title":"Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1","author":"V Muraleedharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Therap Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02985-0","article-title":"Androgen production in women","volume":"77","author":"H G Burger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0212","article-title":"Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and\n                    oophorectomy","volume":"90","author":"S L Davison","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M409","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.5.M409","article-title":"Androgens and women at the menopause and beyond","volume":"58","author":"J E Morley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour mean plasma testosterone concentration declines with age in\n                    normal premenopausal women","volume":"80","author":"B Zumoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, estradiol, and\n                    estrone over the menopausal transition","volume":"3","author":"C Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Midlife Health"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000319","article-title":"The north American menopause society recommendations for clinical care of\n                    midlife women","volume":"21","author":"J L Shifren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12868","article-title":"Why does COVID-19 kill more elderly men than women? Is there a role for\n                    testosterone?","volume":"9","author":"V Papadopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age-associated changes in the impact of sex steroids on influenza vaccine\n                    responses in males and females","volume":"4","author":"T Potluri","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Vacc"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005374","article-title":"SeXX matters in infectious disease pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"L G vom Steeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.51.1.245","article-title":"Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and\n                    frailty","volume":"51","author":"W B Ershler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Rev Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2006.04.003","article-title":"The immune risk phenotype is associated with IL-6 in the terminal decline stage:\n                    findings from the Swedish NONA immune longitudinal study of very late life\n                    functioning","volume":"127","author":"A Wikby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Develop"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.179","article-title":"Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the\n                    United States","volume":"289","author":"W W Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118369","article-title":"Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in\n                    the United States","volume":"10","author":"C Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influenza infections in Australia 2009\u20132015: is there a combined effect\n                    of age and sex on susceptibility to virus subtypes?","volume":"19","author":"K C Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019409","article-title":"Sex-and age-related differences in morbidity rates of 2009 pandemic influenza A\n                    H1N1 virus of swine origin in Japan","volume":"6","author":"N Eshima","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/13685530601003180","article-title":"Testosterone and men\u2019s quality of life","volume":"9","author":"I Moncada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20419","article-title":"Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories","volume":"17","author":"M P Muehlenbein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.103988","article-title":"Testosterone treatment of aged male mice improves some but not all aspects of\n                    age-associated increases in influenza severity","volume":"345","author":"L G Vom Steeg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01332","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and immunity","volume":"9","author":"O Bereshchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"S L Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120549","article-title":"Do androgens modulate the pathophysiological pathways of inflammation?\n                    Appraising the contemporary evidence","volume":"7","author":"A Traish","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.07.015","article-title":"Associations between low serum testosterone and all-cause mortality and\n                    infection-related hospitalization in male hemodialysis patients: a prospective\n                    cohort study","volume":"2","author":"A Nakashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1234","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00352.2016","article-title":"Age and testosterone mediate influenza pathogenesis in male mice","volume":"311","author":"L G Vom Steeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321060111","article-title":"Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for\n                    testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination","volume":"111","author":"D Furman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61466","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061466","article-title":"Negative association between testosterone concentration and inflammatory markers\n                    in young men: a nested cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"J Bobjer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1097","article-title":"Correlation between testosterone and the inflammatory marker soluble\n                    interleukin-6 receptor in older men","volume":"91","author":"M Maggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.12.4422","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on glucose\n                    regulation","volume":"82","author":"C Tsigos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031069","article-title":"The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous inflammatory cytokines and\n                    lipid profiles in hypogonadal men","volume":"89","author":"C J Malkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06779","article-title":"Androgen-replacement therapy depresses the ex vivo production of inflammatory\n                    cytokines by circulating antigen-presenting cells in aging type-2 diabetic men\n                    with partial androgen deficiency","volume":"189","author":"J Corrales","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00186","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of testosterone","volume":"3","author":"V E Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8870425","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8870425","article-title":"Comparison of immune response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 infection,\n                    perspective on vaccine design and development","author":"H Ansariniya","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.300","article-title":"Tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 receptor antibody, to treat Covid-19-related\n                    respiratory failure. A case report","volume":"31","author":"J-M Michot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"e000878corr1","article-title":"Correction: Insights from immuno-oncology: the society for immunotherapy of\n                    cancer statement on access to IL-6-targeting therapies for COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"WJ U Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.17.20024166","article-title":"Clinical features and progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome in\n                    coronavirus disease 2019","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"305","article-title":"The pituitary-gonadal-thyroid and lactotroph axes in critically ill\n                    patients","volume":"67","author":"T Akba\u015f","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endokrynol Polska"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0071","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness","volume":"2","author":"I Vanhorebeek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199911000-00016","article-title":"Hypotestosteronemia in chronically critically ill men","volume":"27","author":"D M Nierman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"3217","article-title":"Five-day pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration unveils\n                    combined hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal defects underlying profound\n                    hypoandrogenism in men with prolonged critical illness","volume":"86","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-013-0009-x","article-title":"Hypogonadism in aged hospitalized male patients: prevalence and clinical\n                    outcome","volume":"37","author":"P Iglesias","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564119","article-title":"Hypogonadism and mortality in aged hospitalized male patients: a 5-year\n                    prospective observational study","volume":"123","author":"P Iglesias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Mortality in sepsis and its relationship with gender","volume":"31","author":"N Nasir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12386","article-title":"Etiology of low testosterone levels in male patients with severe sepsis\n                    requiring mechanical ventilation","volume":"17","author":"A Bech","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(88)90254-3","article-title":"Elevated oestrogen and reduced testosterone levels in the serum of male septic\n                    shock patients","volume":"29","author":"N Christeff","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000330","article-title":"Anabolic and anticatabolic agents in critical care","volume":"22","author":"M Stanojcic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"878","article-title":"Gender and ARDS in critically injured adults: a prospective study","volume":"71","author":"D S Heffernan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0686-1","article-title":"Mechanisms driving gender differences in asthma","volume":"17","author":"H Fuseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2229747-e","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.29747","article-title":"Association of male hypogonadism with risk of hospitalization for COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"S Dhindsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040820","article-title":"Testosterone as a biomarker of adverse clinical outcomes in SARS-CoV-2\n                    pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"L Marinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694083","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.694083","article-title":"Testosterone deficiency is a risk factor for severe COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"L Lanser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12993","article-title":"Severely low testosterone in males with COVID-19: A case-control study","volume":"9","author":"A Salonia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02345-w","article-title":"Recovery of serum testosterone levels is an accurate predictor of survival from\n                    COVID-19 in male patients","volume":"20","author":"E Toscano-Guerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12939","article-title":"No detection of SARS-CoV-2 from urine, expressed prostatic secretions, and semen\n                    in 74 recovered COVID-19 male patients: a perspective and urogenital\n                    evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24342-y","article-title":"The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry\n                    of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells","volume":"12","author":"D A Leach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.21.051201","article-title":"Sex, androgens and regulation of pulmonary AR, TMPRSS2 and ACE2","author":"M Baratchian","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90491-1","article-title":"Androgen regulation of pulmonary AR, TMPRSS2 and ACE2 with implications for\n                    sex-discordant COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"11","author":"M Baratchian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102254","article-title":"Targeting androgen regulation of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 as a therapeutic strategy to\n                    combat COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Q Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref125","first-page":"4538","article-title":"Tannic acid suppresses SARS-CoV-2 as a dual inhibitor of the viral main protease\n                    and the cellular TMPRSS2 protease","volume":"10","author":"S C Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17021","article-title":"5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are associated with reduced frequency of COVID-19\n                    symptoms in males with androgenetic alopecia","volume":"35","author":"J McCoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e 20691","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.20691","article-title":"Final results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, two-arm, parallel clinical\n                    trial of proxalutamide for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a multiregional,\n                    joint analysis of the proxa-rescue androCoV trial","volume":"13","author":"F A Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668698","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.668698","article-title":"Proxalutamide reduces the rate of hospitalization for COVID-19 male outpatients:\n                    a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"J McCoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.24.21261047","article-title":"Proxalutamide improves inflammatory, immunologic, and thrombogenic markers in\n                    mild-to-moderate COVID-19 males and females: an exploratory analysis of a\n                    randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial early antiandrogen therapy\n                    (EAT) with proxalutamide (The EAT-Proxa Biochemical AndroCoV-Trial)","author":"F A Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.01.21259656","article-title":"Proxalutamide (GT0918) improves lung injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients\n                    \u2013 an analysis of the radiological findings of the proxa-rescue\n                    androCoVtrial","author":"F A Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"e13492","article-title":"Proxalutamide significantly accelerates viral clearance and reduces time to\n                    clinical remission in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: results from a\n                    randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"F A Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.28.21259661","article-title":"Proxalutamide (GT0918) reduction of mortality rate in hospitalized COVID-19\n                    patients depends on treatment duration \u2013 an exploratory analysis of the\n                    proxa-rescue androCoV trial","author":"R A Zimerman","year":"2021","journal-title":". medRxiv"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"EVIDoa2200145","article-title":"Oral sabizabulin for high-risk, hospitalized adults with Covid-19: interim\n                    analysis","volume":"1","author":"K G Barnette","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med Evidence"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.5056","article-title":"VERU-111, an oral cytoskeleton disruptor, to treat men with metastatic\n                    castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who failed an androgen receptor\n                    targeting agent","volume":"39","author":"M C Markowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref135","first-page":"e13047","article-title":"Early antiandrogen therapy with dutasteride reduces viral shedding, inflammatory\n                    responses, and time-to-remission in males with COVID-19: a randomized,\n                    double-blind, placebo-controlled interventional trial (EAT-DUTA AndroCoV\n                    trial\u2013biochemical)","volume":"13","author":"F A Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"30","article-title":"Finasteride in hospitalized adult males with COVID-19: a risk factor for\n                    severity of the disease or an adjunct treatment: a randomized controlled\n                    clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"E Zarehoseinzade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med J Islam Rep Iran"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.05.20206870","article-title":"An open-label prospective observational study of antiandrogen and\n                    non-antiandrogen early pharmacological approaches in females with\n                    mild-to-moderate COVID-19","author":"F A Cadegiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"The pre-androCoV female trial. medRxiv"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227852-e","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7852","article-title":"Effect of Androgen suppression on clinical outcomes in hospitalized men with\n                    COVID-19: the HITCH randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"N G Nickols","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31187-9","article-title":"Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study","volume":"395","author":"N M Kuderer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22591","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022591","article-title":"Prostate cancer: a risk factor for COVID-19 in males?: a protocol for systematic\n                    review and meta analysis","volume":"99","author":"R Mou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1010","article-title":"The androgen-regulated protease TMPRSS2 activates a proteolytic cascade\n                    involving components of the tumor microenvironment and promotes prostate cancer\n                    metastasis. TMPRSS2 influences prostate cancer metastasis","volume":"4","author":"J M Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213424.38503.aa","article-title":"TMPRSS2-ERG fusion prostate cancer: an early molecular event associated with\n                    invasion","volume":"31","author":"S Perner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14278","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14278","article-title":"Evaluating the anxiety and depression status of prostate cancer patients whose\n                    operations were postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"75","author":"Y Kizilkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref144","first-page":"24","article-title":"Androgen-targeted therapy in men with prostate cancer: evolving practice and\n                    future considerations. Prostate Cancer Prost Dis","volume":"22","author":"E D Crawford","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14683","article-title":"Association of androgenetic alopecia and severity of coronavirus disease\n                    2019","volume":"21","author":"R Ghafoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16953","article-title":"Anti-androgens may protect against severe COVID-19 outcomes: results from a\n                    prospective cohort study of 77 hospitalized men","volume":"35","author":"A Goren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1163","article-title":"Increased COVID-19 infections in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a\n                    population-based study","volume":"184","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17004","article-title":"Clinical symptoms of hyperandrogenic women diagnosed with COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"F Cadegiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01682-6","article-title":"Higher testosterone is associated with increased inflammatory markers in women\n                    with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: preliminary results from an observational study","volume":"45","author":"V Di Stasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.20.00097","article-title":"COVID-19 and cancer: lessons from a pooled meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"A Desai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Global Oncol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.010","article-title":"Myeloid suppressor cells in cancer and autoimmunity","volume":"85","author":"A Sica","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30096-6","article-title":"Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China","volume":"21","author":"W Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111185","article-title":"A predictive model for severe COVID-19 in the medicare population: a tool for\n                    prioritizing primary and booster COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"10","author":"B Experton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1010","article-title":"The androgen-regulated protease TMPRSS2 activates a proteolytic cascade\n                    involving components of the tumor microenvironment and promotes prostate cancer\n                    metastasis","volume":"4","author":"J M Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"ref155","first-page":"e14278","article-title":"Evaluating the anxiety and depression status of prostate cancer patients whose\n                    operations were postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Y Kizilkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.03.028","article-title":"Update on systemic prostate cancer therapies: management of metastatic\n                    castration-resistant prostate cancer in the era of precision oncology","volume":"75","author":"P Nuhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.2095","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy may constitute a more effective COVID-19\n                    prophylactic than therapeutic strategy","volume":"31","author":"N N Bennani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-0262-y","article-title":"Crosstalk between COVID-19 and prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"H F Bahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostat Dis"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.04.479","article-title":"Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by\n                    SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N=4532)","volume":"31","author":"M Montopoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.06.023","article-title":"Does androgen deprivation therapy protect against severe complications from\n                    COVID-19?","volume":"31","author":"V G Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774773","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.774773","article-title":"A population-level analysis of the protective effects of androgen deprivation\n                    therapy against COVID-19 disease incidence and severity","volume":"9","author":"K Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24232","article-title":"Influence of androgen deprivation therapy on the severity of COVID-19 in\n                    prostate cancer patients","volume":"81","author":"E Jim\u00e9nez-Alcaide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0255966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255966","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy and excess mortality in men with prostate cancer\n                    during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"R Gedeborg","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154252","article-title":"Testosterone, a key hormone in the context of COVID-19 pandemic\n                    [Commentary]","volume":"108","author":"P Pozzilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082325","article-title":"Sex hormones and hormone therapy during COVID-19 pandemic: implications for\n                    patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"C Cattrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1954-5605.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:46:47Z","timestamp":1670546807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1954-5605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1954-5605","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-5043"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-4286"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]}}}