{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:58:06Z","timestamp":1783101486130,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Our objective was to determine the prevalence of insulin treatment in premature infants with hyperglycemia and evaluate the association of length of treatment with outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003The study included cohort of 29,974 infants 22 to 32 weeks gestational age (GA) admitted to over 300 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 1997 to 2018 and diagnosed with hyperglycemia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003Use of insulin significantly decreased during the study period (p\u2009=\u20090.002) among studied NICUs. The percentage of hyperglycemic infants exposed to insulin ranged from 0 to 81%. Infants who received insulin were more likely to have lower GA, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar score, longer duration of stay, and require mechanical ventilation. After adjustment for GA, infants requiring insulin for &gt;14 days were more likely to have treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and develop chronic lung disease (CLD). Insulin treatment of 1 to 7 days had increased odds of death, death\/ROP, and death\/CLD compared with no exposure.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003Insulin use decreased over time, and differing durations of use were associated with adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1976-2142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T23:48:30Z","timestamp":1668124110000},"page":"e1008-e1014","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Insulin for Treatment of Neonatal Hyperglycemia in Premature Infants: Prevalence over Time and Association with Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Titchiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Hornik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina"},{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeral","family":"Tolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MEDNAX Center for Research, Education, Quality and Safety, Sunrise, Florida"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Brian","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina"},{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4156-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel G.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina"},{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0628","article-title":"Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for early death and morbidity in extremely low birth-weight infants","volume":"118","author":"S P Hays","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211594","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in extremely low birth weight infants in a predominantly Hispanic population and related morbidities","volume":"26","author":"C L Blanco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.463","article-title":"[Hyperglycemia and glucosuria in preterm infants receiving parenteral glucose: influence of birth weight, gestational age and infusion rate]","volume":"74","author":"M C Falc\u00e3o","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref4","first-page":"783","article-title":"Risk factors for neonatal hyperglycemia associated with 10% dextrose infusion","volume":"139","author":"C Louik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.24.3.291","article-title":"Effect of glucose priming on insulin response in the premature infant","volume":"24","author":"S Grasso","year":"1975","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000242173","article-title":"Insulin and glucagon during the perinatal period: secretion and metabolic effects on the liver","volume":"48","author":"A Ktorza","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/34.3.247","article-title":"Evaluation of body and organ weights in perinatal pathology. 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