{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1789011037739,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Herzstiftung","award":["BA5158\/4 and TSG-Study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BA5158\/4 and TSG-Study"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hamostaseologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but serious complication of adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. Similar to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), antibodies reacting to platelet factor 4 (PF4) are responsible for platelet activation in VITT. The diagnosis of VITT includes the detection of anti-PF4 antibodies. Particle gel immunoassay (PaGIA) is one of the rapid immunoassays that is commonly used in the diagnosis of HIT to detect anti-PF4 antibodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of PaGIA in patients suspected of VITT. In this retrospective, single-center study, the correlation between PaGIA, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and modified heparin-induced platelet aggregation assay (HIPA) in patients with findings suggestive of VITT was investigated. A commercially available PF4 rapid immunoassay (ID PaGIA H\/PF4, Bio-Rad-DiaMed GmbH, Switzerland) and an anti-PF4\/heparin EIA (ZYMUTEST HIA IgG, Hyphen Biomed) were used according to manufacturer's instructions. Modified HIPA was accepted as the gold standard test. Between March 8 and November 19, 2021, a total of 34 samples from clinically well-characterized patients (14 males, 20 females, mean age: 48.2\u2009\u00b1\u200918.2 years) were analyzed with PaGIA, EIA, and modified HIPA. VITT was diagnosed in 15 patients. Sensitivity and specificity of PaGIA were 54 and 67%, respectively. Anti-PF4\/heparin optical density values were not significantly different between PaGIA positive and negative samples (p\u2009=\u20090.586). The sensitivity and specificity of EIA, on the other hand, were 87 and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, PaGIA is not reliable in the diagnosis of VITT because of its low sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1986-1556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T23:30:45Z","timestamp":1676935845000},"page":"022-027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of a Particle Gel Immunoassay in Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcnalp","family":"Uzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Althaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Wanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Nowak-Harnau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Enkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamam","family":"Bakchoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00152-0","article-title":"Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"399","author":"D R Feikin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279000","article-title":"Antibody-mediated procoagulant platelets in SARS-CoV-2-vaccination associated immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"106","author":"K Althaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"A Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105385","article-title":"Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"M Scully","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104882","article-title":"Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"N H Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15113","article-title":"Declining mortality of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"29","author":"A van de Munckhof","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109908","article-title":"Clinical features of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis","volume":"385","author":"S Pavord","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107051","article-title":"Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"A Bourguignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012819","article-title":"Cooling down VITT with IVIG","volume":"138","author":"S R Lentz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012479","article-title":"The use of IV immunoglobulin in the treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"138","author":"G Uzun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279484","article-title":"Treatment of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenias","volume":"107","author":"I Marini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15341","article-title":"Recommendations for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of VITT against COVID-19: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Immunology","volume":"19","author":"I Nazy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1469-7481","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of vaccine-related thrombosis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination: guidance statement from the GTH","volume":"41","author":"J Oldenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003","article-title":"Laboratory testing for VITT antibodies","volume":"59","author":"T E 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Tiede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3198","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab124","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention improves prothrombotic coagulation profile in individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes","volume":"106","author":"S H\u00f6rber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15572","article-title":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): update on diagnosis and management considering different resources","volume":"20","author":"A Greinacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15362","article-title":"Evaluation of laboratory assays for anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies after ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccination","volume":"19","author":"S Platton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15766","article-title":"Anti-PF4 testing for vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT): results from a NEQAS, ECAT and SSC collaborative exercise in 385 centers worldwide","volume":"20","author":"C Reilly-Stitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03744-4","article-title":"Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia","volume":"596","author":"A Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013839","article-title":"The interaction between anti-PF4 antibodies and anticoagulants in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"139","author":"A 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Fortner","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["H\u00e4mostaseologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1986-1556.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T23:32:45Z","timestamp":1676935965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1986-1556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1986-1556","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0720-9355","2567-5761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0720-9355","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-5761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}}}