{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:51:22Z","timestamp":1779371482716,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives\u2003Ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma is an uncommon manifestation of an already rare neoplasm. We aimed to systematically review the literature for cases of ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma to better characterize this rare disease entity and to present two new case reports.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A search of the PubMed and Embase databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify English-language articles reporting cases of ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma, published from 1955 through November 2021.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Sixty-six cases of ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma were identified in 62 articles including the current review. Ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma arose in a wide age range (2\u201389 years) without significant sex predilection. It occurred most commonly in the ethmoid (25%), maxillary (25%), and sphenoid (16%) sinuses. Seventy-three percent of cases presented with low Hyams grade (I and II). The most common symptoms were nasal obstruction (32%) and epistaxis (32%). Paraneoplastic syndromes were observed in 27% of patients. The most common treatment was surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Overall, 76% of all patients were disease-free at the time of last follow-up. Locoregional recurrences and distant metastases were found in 19 and 5% of cases, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003This systematic review describes previously reported cases of ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma, a disease entity with poorly understood characteristics. Physicians should consider olfactory neuroblastoma in the differential diagnosis for sinonasal masses, as their ectopic presentation may present considerable diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Patients with olfactory neuroblastoma may benefit from long-term follow-up and routine endoscopic examinations for surveillance of ectopic recurrences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1993-7790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T23:59:32Z","timestamp":1670371172000},"page":"109-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ectopic Olfactory Neuroblastoma: Systematic Review of a Rare Clinical Entity among Sinonasal Tumors"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ido","family":"Badash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle E.","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pete S.","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bozena B.","family":"Wrobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"410","article-title":"L'esthesioneuroepitheliome olfactif","volume":"13","author":"L Berger","year":"1924","journal-title":"Bull Assoc Fr Etud Cancer"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-010-1423-8","article-title":"Ectopic olfactory neuroblastoma: report of four cases and a review of the literature","volume":"268","author":"R Wormald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(01)00558-7","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review","volume":"2","author":"P Dulguerov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"2683","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma: a general review of the cases published since the discovery of the tumour in 1924","volume":"17","author":"G Broich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-0016","article-title":"Esthesioneuroblastoma (Olfactory Neuroblastoma) with Ectopic ACTH Syndrome: a multidisciplinary case presentation from the Joan Karnell cancer center of Pennsylvania Hospital","volume":"15","author":"D M Mintzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)32904-2","article-title":"Unusual nasal tumors. 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