{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:43:29Z","timestamp":1790073809404,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"09","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5K12HD001262-18,U01HG009599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12HD001262-18,U01HG009599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of California San Francisco Center for Maternal-Fetal Precision Medicine"},{"name":"The Brianna Marie Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is associated with poor perinatal outcomes including preterm birth (PTB). However, the frequency and causes of PTB in this population are not well understood. We hypothesized that NIHF frequently results in PTB due to medically indicated delivery for fetal distress.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003This was a secondary analysis of a prospectively enrolled cohort of pregnancies with NIHF that underwent exome sequencing if standard testing was nondiagnostic. The primary outcome was frequency of PTB at &lt;37 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes were reasons for PTB, fetal predictors of PTB, and frequency of neonatal death following PTB.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003Fifty-six cases were included, with a median gestational age at delivery of 32.8 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 30.3\u201335.0). Overall, 86% (48\/56) were delivered preterm. Among 48 PTBs, 18 (38%) were spontaneous, 9 (19%) were medically indicated for maternal indications (primarily preeclampsia), and 21 (44%) were medically indicated for fetal indications (nonreassuring antenatal testing or worsening effusions). Neither fetal genetic diagnosis nor polyhydramnios was associated with PTB.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003More than four-fifths of pregnancies with NIHF result in PTB, often due to nonreassuring fetal status. These data are informative for counseling patients and for developing strategies to reduce PTB in pregnancies with NIHF.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2008-2495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:16:24Z","timestamp":1672964184000},"page":"917-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Understanding Preterm Birth in Pregnancies Complicated by Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Fetal Treatment Center, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Downum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Gonzalez-Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Fetal Treatment Center, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa N.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Fetal Treatment Center, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"ref1","first-page":"1746","article-title":"University of California Fetal\u2013Maternal Consortium; University of California, San Francisco Center for Maternal\u2013Fetal Precision Medicine Exome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis in nonimmune hydrops fetalis","volume":"383","author":"T N Sparks","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.018","article-title":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM)Society for maternal-fetal medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis","volume":"212","author":"M E Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.04.025","article-title":"Epidemiology of live born infants with nonimmune hydrops fetalis \u2014 insights from a population-based dataset","volume":"187","author":"M A Steurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J 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Perinatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00444-I","article-title":"Non-immune hydrops after 20 weeks' gestation: review of 10 years' experience with suggestions for management","volume":"85","author":"M C McCoy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00179-U","article-title":"The association between polyhydramnios and preterm delivery","volume":"86","author":"A Many","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000305096","article-title":"Mirror syndrome: a systematic review of fetal associated conditions, maternal presentation and perinatal outcome","volume":"27","author":"T Braun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn 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