{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:58:57Z","timestamp":1784584737038,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid gland can be affected by the COVID-19 infection. The pattern of thyroid\n                    function abnormality reported in COVID-19 is variable; in addition, some drugs\n                    used in COVID-19 patients like glucocorticoids and heparin can affect the\n                    thyroid function tests (TFT). We conducted an observational, cross-sectional\n                    study of thyroid function abnormalities with thyroid autoimmune profile in\n                    COVID-19 patients with varying severity from November 2020 to June 2021. Serum\n                    FT4, FT3, TSH, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg antibodies were measured before the\n                    initiation of treatment with steroids and anti-coagulants. A total of 271\n                    COVID-19 patients were included in the study, of which 27 were asymptomatic and\n                    remaining 158, 39, and 47 were classified to mild, moderate and severe\n                    categories, respectively, according to MoHFW, India criteria. Their mean age was\n                    49\u00b117 years and 64.9% were males. Abnormal TFT was present in\n                    37.2% (101\/271) patients. Low FT3, low FT4, and low TSH were\n                    present in 21.03%, 15.9% and 4.5% of patients,\n                    respectively. Pattern corresponding to sick euthyroid syndrome was the most\n                    common. Both mean FT3 and FT3\/FT4 ratio decreased with increasing\n                    severity of COVID-19 illness (p=0.001). In multivariate analysis, low\n                    FT3 was associated with increased risk of mortality (OR 12.36, 95% CI:\n                    1.23\u2013124.19; p=0.033). Thyroid autoantibodies were positive in\n                    58 (27.14%) patients; but it was not associated with any thyroid\n                    dysfunction. Thyroid function abnormality is common among COVID-19 patients.\n                    Both low FT3 and FT3\/FT4 ratio are indicators of disease severity while\n                    low FT3 is a prognostic marker of COVID-19 associated mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2014-4634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:56Z","timestamp":1677542456000},"page":"169-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thyroid Function Abnormalities and Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients\n                    with COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8857-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepika","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education\n                    and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dukhabandhu","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education\n                    and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadishkumar","family":"Kamalanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education\n                    and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadhiravan","family":"Tamilarasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and\n                    Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayaprakash","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education\n                    and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayan","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences\n                    \u2013 Kalyani, Kalyani, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandhana","family":"Merugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education\n                    and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Suryadevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education\n                    and Research, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan,\n                    China","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"J B 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Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14476","article-title":"Role of non-thyroidal illness syndrome in predicting adverse outcomes in\n                    COVID-19 patients predominantly of mild-to-moderate severity","volume":"95","author":"DT W Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.02.006","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome as a prognostic indicator of COVID-19 pulmonary\n                    involvement, associated with poorer disease prognosis and increased\n                    mortality","volume":"28","author":"M \u015awistek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566439","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.566439","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"R Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0363","article-title":"Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: a retrospective\n                    study","volume":"31","author":"M Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0335","article-title":"Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study","volume":"183","author":"A Lania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30266-7","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis","volume":"8","author":"I Muller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0201","article-title":"Non-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different 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(Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01714-1","article-title":"Euthyroid sick syndrome as an early surrogate marker of poor outcome in mild\n                    SARS-CoV-2 disease","volume":"45","author":"C Sparano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800.2021.1924770","article-title":"Association between thyroid function and prognosis of COVID-19: a retrospective\n                    observational study","volume":"46","author":"S Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877010","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.877010","article-title":"The association between FT3 with the outcome and\n                    inflammation\/coagulopathy\/fibrinolysis of COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"J Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0225","article-title":"Thyroid hormone levels during hospital admission inform disease severity and\n                    mortality in COVID-19 patients","volume":"31","author":"F E Beltr\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.01.001","article-title":"Sick euthyroid syndrome on presentation of patients with COVID-19: a potential\n                    marker for disease severity","volume":"27","author":"Y Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"P Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"3700","article-title":"Thyrotropin levels during 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before, during, and after COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"B Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-021-00419-y","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic\n                    review","volume":"9","author":"L Giovanella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Imaging"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0609","article-title":"Analysis of thyroid function in Japanese patients with coronavirus disease\n                    2019","volume":"69","author":"S Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_779_20","article-title":"Thyroid function test in COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study in a\n                    tertiary care hospital","volume":"24","author":"K Sen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_577_20","article-title":"Endocrine dysfunction among patients with COVID-19: A single-center experience\n                    from a tertiary hospital in India","volume":"25","author":"B Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00766-x","article-title":"Wang D kun, Dong H et al. Prognostic significance of low TSH concentration in\n                    patients with COVID-19 presenting with non-thyroidal illness syndrome","volume":"21","author":"J Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01599-0","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 patients","volume":"44","author":"R Baldelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09615-z","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update","volume":"22","author":"L Scappaticcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_195_21","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"A Dabas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab148","article-title":"The association of TSH and thyroid hormones with lymphopenia in bacterial sepsis\n                    and COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"I Grondman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774346","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.774346","article-title":"The independent association of TSH and free triiodothyronine levels with\n                    lymphocyte counts among COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"DT W Lui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645787","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.645787","article-title":"Spectrum of endocrine dysfunction and association with disease severity in\n                    patients with COVID-19: insights from a cross-sectional, observational\n                    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Hashemipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15000","article-title":"Possible role of hypothyroidism in the prognosis of COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"M Daraei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1391","article-title":"The spectrum of thyroid function tests during hospitalization for SARS COV-2\n                    infection","volume":"184","author":"I Campi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779692","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.779692","article-title":"The association between COVID-19 and thyroxine levels: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14129","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14129","article-title":"The prognostic impact of thyroid disorders on the clinical severity of COVID-19:\n                    Results of single-centre pandemic hospital","volume":"75","author":"M G\u00fcven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2021-0805","article-title":"Low free-T3 serum levels and prognosis of COVID-19: systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"M Llamas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111097","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction may be associated with poor outcomes in patients with\n                    COVID-19","volume":"521","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01806-6","article-title":"Is non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) a clinical predictor of COVID-19\n                    mortality in critically ill oldest old patients?","volume":"45","author":"C Okoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2014-4634.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T10:56:13Z","timestamp":1683284173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2014-4634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2014-4634","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}