{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:17:14Z","timestamp":1786591034770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen-a-side rugby union (\u201crugby\u201d) is a full-contact sport\n                    played separately by men and women, with large injury incidences reported\n                    previously. Context specific injury surveillance fulfils governing\n                    bodies\u2019 duty of care to understand risks to player welfare, yet no\n                    contemporary match injury epidemiology studies exist for international players\n                    in Scotland. The current study therefore aimed to describe the incidence,\n                    severity, burden and nature of match injuries sustained by Scotland\u2019s\n                    men\u2019s and women\u2019s national teams. A prospective cohort study of\n                    injuries recorded in matches across the 2017\/18 and 2018\/19\n                    seasons was undertaken, with injury and exposure definitions in line with the\n                    international consensus for injury surveillance in rugby. Injury incidence was\n                    120.0 (men) and 166.7\/1,000 player match hours (women), injury severity\n                    was 12.0 (median) and 31.2 days (mean) for men, and 11.0 (median) and 30.2 days\n                    (mean) for women. Injury burden was 3,745 (men) and 5,040 days\n                    absence\/1,000 player match hours (women). Concussion was the most common\n                    specific injury for men (22.5\/1,000\u2009hours) and women\n                    (26.7\/1,000\u2009hours). No statistical differences were found for\n                    incidence or severity measures between sexes. Injury incidence was greater than\n                    recent Rugby World Cup studies. High incidences of concussion reinforces the\n                    need for prevention strategies targeting this injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2038-3452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T23:31:05Z","timestamp":1686094265000},"page":"805-812","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Epidemiology of International Match Injuries in Scottish Rugby: A\n                    Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart John","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh,\n                    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Martindale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh,\n                    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Engebretsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Clinic, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo,\n                    Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports\n                    Sciences, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Peter","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Medicine, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, University of Edinburgh\n                    Institute for Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, Edinburgh, United\n                    Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine,\n                    Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01603-w","article-title":"Injuries in elite men\u2019s rugby union: An updated (2012-2020)\n                    meta-analysis of 11,620 match and training injuries","volume":"52","author":"S Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094959","article-title":"Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the\n                    FIVB Injury Surveillance System","volume":"49","author":"T Bere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01411-8","article-title":"The Football Association injury and illness surveillance study: the incidence,\n                    burden and severity of injuries and illness in men\u2019s and women\u2019s\n                    international football","author":"B Sprouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093688","article-title":"Injuries in men\u2019s international ice hockey: a 7-year study of the\n                    International Ice Hockey Federation Adult World Championship Tournaments and\n                    Olympic Winter Games","volume":"49","author":"M Tuominen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094647","article-title":"Injuries in women\u2019s international ice hockey: an 8-year study of the\n                    World Championship tournaments and Olympic Winter Games","volume":"50","author":"M Tuominen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.29.1.5","article-title":"Implications of health and safety legislation for the professional\n                    sportsperson","volume":"29","author":"C W Fuller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090634","article-title":"Risk management: FIFA\u2019s approach for protecting the health of football\n                    players","volume":"46","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Optimizing the structure of elite competitions in professional sport \u2013\n                    lessons from Rugby Union","volume":"7","author":"M Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Manag Sport Leis"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"24","article-title":"General market demand variables associated with professional sport\n                    consumption","volume":"5","author":"J J Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Sports Mark Spons"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096731","article-title":"Injuries impair the chance of successful performance by sportspeople: A\n                    systematic review","volume":"51","author":"M K Drew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094798","article-title":"Time loss injuries compromise team success in Elite Rugby Union: A 7-year\n                    prospective study","volume":"50","author":"S Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434060-00001","article-title":"The application of risk management in sport","volume":"34","author":"C Fuller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214020-00002","article-title":"Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries","volume":"14","author":"W van Mechelen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.02.009","article-title":"A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention","volume":"9","author":"C Finch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013391","article-title":"A prospective study of injuries and training amongst the England 2003 Rugby\n                    World Cup squad","volume":"39","author":"JH M Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967115596194","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115596194","article-title":"Injury risk in international rugby union: three-year injury surveillance of the\n                    Welsh national team","volume":"3","author":"I S Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033282","article-title":"Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures for\n                    studies of injuries in rugby union","volume":"41","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Essential Medical Statistics. 2nd Edition","author":"B Kirkwood","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","article-title":"When to use the Bonferroni correction","volume":"34","author":"R A Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"K J Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v32i1a8062","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516X\/2020\/v32i1a8062","article-title":"Rugby World Cup 2019 injury surveillance study","volume":"32","author":"C Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047035","article-title":"International Rugby Board Rugby World Cup 2007 injury surveillance study","volume":"42","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091155","article-title":"Rugby world cup 2011: International rugby board injury surveillance study","volume":"47","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275","article-title":"Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study","volume":"51","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.046672","article-title":"Injuries during the 2006 Women\u2019s Rugby World Cup","volume":"42","author":"D M Schick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090024","article-title":"Injury surveillance during the 2010 IRB Women\u2019s Rugby World Cup","volume":"45","author":"A E Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636060-00001","article-title":"The influence of methodological issues on the results and conclusions from\n                    epidemiological studies of sports injuries: Illustrative examples","volume":"36","author":"JH M Brooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098417","article-title":"On average, a professional rugby union player is more likely than not to sustain\n                    a concussion after 25 matches","volume":"53","author":"J Rafferty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510392326","article-title":"Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: A prospective 11-year\n                    study","volume":"39","author":"A E Lincoln","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103454","article-title":"Rugby\u2019s implementation lessons: The importance of a \u201ccompliance\n                    wedge\u201d to support successful implementation for injury prevention","volume":"56","author":"M Raftery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"50","article-title":"Implementing a worldwide concussion programme: the world rugby strategy to\n                    secure player welfare","author":"M Raftery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.11.010","article-title":"The epidemiology of concussion in professional rugby union in Ireland","volume":"35","author":"M Cosgrave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1980.tb77020.x","article-title":"Rugby league football injuries over two competition seasons","volume":"2","author":"D Alexander","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0953-x","article-title":"Context matters: revisiting the first step of the \u2018Sequence of\n                    Prevention\u2019 of sports injuries","volume":"48","author":"C Bolling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.2.149","article-title":"Injury in summer rugby league football: The experiences of one club","volume":"32","author":"C Gissane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508316768","article-title":"Tackle injuries in professional rugby union","volume":"36","author":"K L Quarrie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094982","article-title":"Professional Rugby Union players have a 60% greater risk of time loss\n                    injury after concussion: A 2-season prospective study of clinical outcomes","volume":"50","author":"M Cross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2681-4","article-title":"Long-term consequences of recurrent sports concussion","volume":"158","author":"P Decq","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2017.1376572","article-title":"A history of concussions is associated with symptoms of common mental disorders\n                    in former male professional athletes across a range of sports","volume":"45","author":"V Gouttebarge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509341032","article-title":"Incidence, risk, and protective factors of mild traumatic brain injury in a\n                    cohort of Australian nonprofessional male rugby players","volume":"37","author":"S J Hollis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0608-8","article-title":"A comparison of cognitive function in former rugby union players compared with\n                    former non-contact-sport players and the impact of concussion history","volume":"47","author":"P A Hume","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after\n                    repetitive head injury","volume":"68","author":"A C Mckee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093406","article-title":"Sports-related concussion increases the risk of subsequent injury by about\n                    50% in elite male football players","volume":"48","author":"A Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515574057","article-title":"The preventive effect of the Nordic hamstring exercise on hamstring injuries in\n                    amateur soccer 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rugby players\n                    with a pre-activity movement control exercise programme: A cluster randomised\n                    controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"M D Hislop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098005","article-title":"Efficacy of a movement control injury prevention programme in adult\n                    men\u2019s community rugby union: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"M J Attwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101557","article-title":"Does reducing the height of the tackle through law change in elite men\u2019s\n                    rugby union (The Championship, England) reduce the incidence of concussion? A\n                    controlled study in 126 games","volume":"55","author":"K A Stokes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514541926","article-title":"Protective equipment and player characteristics associated with the incidence of\n                    sport-related concussion in high school football players: A multifactorial\n                    prospective study","volume":"42","author":"T A McGuine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180592a48","article-title":"A dynamic model of etiology in sport injury: The recursive nature of risk and\n                    causation","volume":"17","author":"W H Meeuwisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092734","article-title":"Risk factors for sports concussion: An evidence-based systematic review","volume":"48","author":"S Abrahams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211008596","article-title":"Sex-related differences in the incidence, severity, and recovery of concussion\n                    in adolescent student-athletes between 2009 and 2019","volume":"49","author":"T C Hannah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000152734.47516.AA","article-title":"Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head\n                    acceleration","volume":"37","author":"R T Tierney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2013-0102","article-title":"The relationship between impact force, neck strength, and neurocognitive\n                    performance in soccer heading in adolescent females","volume":"26","author":"G M Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0231-y","article-title":"The performance of the World Rugby Head Injury Assessment Screening Tool: A\n                    diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"6","author":"G W Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102529","article-title":"Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: A 16-season review\n                    of 10 851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002-2019): The\n                    Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project","volume":"55","author":"S W West","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2038-3452.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:01:16Z","timestamp":1696636876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2038-3452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2038-3452","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}