{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:45:53Z","timestamp":1781178353928,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","funder":[{"name":"Unrestricted Grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., to the Department of Ophthalmology at UCLA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003We completed a prospective human cadaveric study to determine the ability of a ball bearing (BB) pellet to penetrate the orbit and\/or surrounding structures.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A single trained sergeant officer discharged an alloy steel air rifle to eight cadaver orbits from four adult human cadaver heads. Five BB pellets each were aimed at three locations (caruncle, upper eyelid, or lower eyelid) at 10\u2009cm and 1\u2009m, and then less specifically, at the orbital region for 3- and 5-m distances. Computed tomography (CT) of the cadaver heads was performed. Final locations of BB pellets are divided into three categories: intracranial, surrounding orbital structures including the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa, and orbit.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Of 40 BB pellets, 37 penetrated soft tissue and were visualized on CT: 19 (51%) rested in the intracranial space, 17 (46%) in surrounding orbital structures, and 1 (3%) within the orbit. The deepest position of a pellet was in the parietal lobe, and most superficial location anterior to the frontal bone. Pellets discharged from 1\u2009m were more likely to rest in the intracranial space compared with those from 10\u2009cm (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 3\u2009m (p\u2009=\u20090.011), and 5\u2009m (p\u2009=\u20090.004). The distance of discharge was associated with final pellet location (p\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003BB guns should be considered dangerous and potentially deadly when aimed at the orbit. Although the thick calvarium can protect the intracranial space from BB penetration, the orbit may be a vulnerable entry point with relatively low resistance, allowing penetration of the intracranial and periorbital spaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2052-8668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:13:06Z","timestamp":1678752786000},"page":"221-226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orbitocranial Penetration of Ball Bearing Gun Trauma: A Prospective Human Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey A.","family":"Roelofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin N.","family":"Karlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Rootman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"08","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.010","article-title":"Barely benign: the dangers of BB and other nonpowder guns","volume":"55","author":"J M Hyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.03.006","article-title":"BB gun-related open globe injuries","volume":"2","author":"M Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.01.010","article-title":"Pediatric eye injuries due to nonpowder guns in the United States, 2002-2012","volume":"19","author":"R Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.11.006","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcome of perforating ocular injuries due to BB guns: a case series","volume":"42","author":"M N Ahmadabadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000147281.80203.20","article-title":"Velocity necessary for a BB to penetrate the eye: an experimental study using pig eyes","volume":"25","author":"K D Powley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.24983\/scitemed.aohns.2019.00100","article-title":"An unusual foreign body within the pterygopalatine fossa: a case report","volume":"3","author":"A Darwish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/NJCA.NJCA_16_20","article-title":"Anatomical and clinical characteristics of paediatric and adult eyes","volume":"10","author":"M MS Sunita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl J Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"7","article-title":"Evaluating eye injury risk of Airsoft pellet guns by parametric risk functions","volume":"42","author":"E A Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90112-4","article-title":"Ocular injuries from paintball pellets","volume":"106","author":"A B Thach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","first-page":"867","article-title":"Shotgun eye injuries. Ocular risk and eye protection efficacy","volume":"99","author":"W F Varr III","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2052-8668.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T10:34:20Z","timestamp":1730802860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2052-8668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2052-8668","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-6331","2193-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-6331","type":"print"},{"value":"2193-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}