{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T12:31:48Z","timestamp":1764160308372,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective Numerous raptor species including some falcon species are facing\n                    continuous population decline in the wild and some are threatened by extinction.\n                    To support these species, captive breeding and reintroduction programs are\n                    attempted. Besides conservation, some large falcon species are commonly used in\n                    falconry and therefore bred commercially. Assisted reproduction is established\n                    in falcon breeding since the 1970s and semen analysis is an integral part to\n                    enable assessment of breeding males, inclusion or exclusion of semen donors and\n                    quality control of semen prior to artificial insemination. Conventional methods\n                    for semen analysis are widely used, but are time consuming and depend on the\n                    investigator\u2019s experience and ability. Computer-assisted semen analysis\n                    (CASA) would offer an objective, fast and reproducible alternative, but as they\n                    have not been established in large falcon species, this was the aim of this\n                    study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Material and methods To this end, we examined in 3 breeding seasons 109\n                    semen samples of gyr-saker hybrid falcons (n=2) and peregrine falcons\n                    (n=4) in 940 fields of view using the Minitube CASA SpermVision and\n                    compared these results to results of conventional methods of semen analysis. We\n                    used a preprogrammed setting and adapted two settings of CASA according to\n                    specific semen characteristics of falcons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results Sperm velocity, motility and viability parameters were recorded\n                    successfully using CASA. Correlation of conventional and computer-assisted\n                    motility analysis improved during the process of adaptation of CASA settings,\n                    but both methods differed significantly due to misinterpretation of round bodies\n                    and semen impurities by CASA. Viability values of conventional and computer\n                    assisted viability analysis using SYBR-PI correlated significantly while sperm\n                    concentration did not at all.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion CASA failed to replace conventional semen analysis regarding\n                    sperm motility and sperm concentration using 3 different settings, as a reliable\n                    differentiation between spermatozoa, spermatids and round bodies was not\n                    achieved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical relevance Using CASA, sperm velocity parameters were measured in\n                    spermatozoa of captive-bred large falcons for the first time and may be used as\n                    orientation values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2053-7319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T18:56:24Z","timestamp":1685040984000},"page":"95-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computer-assisted semen analysis in large falcons (Falco spp.)\n                    and comparison to results of conventional semen analysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Faculty of Veterinary\n                    Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Zoo Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Faculty of Veterinary\n                    Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Meinecke-Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine,\n                    Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Wehrend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small\n                    Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Lierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Faculty of Veterinary\n                    Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.08.012","article-title":"State of the world's raptors: distributions, threats, and conservation\n                    recommendations","volume":"227","author":"CJ W McClure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1997.96342.x","article-title":"Captive breeding, zoos and good sense","volume":"11","author":"S Gippoliti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"163","article-title":"Die k\u00fcnstliche Besamung beim Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus). Ein\n                    Beitrag zur Rettung einer vom Aussterben bedrohten Art","volume":"28","author":"C Saar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Raptors: reproductive disease, incubation and artificial insemination. In:\n                    Chitty J, Lierz M, Hrsg. BSAVA manual of raptors pigeons and passerine\n                    birds","author":"M Lierz","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Reproduction. In: Speer B, Hrsg. Current therapy in avian medicine and surgery.\n                    1. Aufl.","author":"M Lierz","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2016.11.008","article-title":"Veterinary aspects of bird of prey reproduction","volume":"20","author":"T A Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.019","article-title":"Implementing artificial insemination as an effective tool for ex situ\n                    conservation of endangered avian species","volume":"71","author":"J Blanco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00664-1","article-title":"Computer assisted semen analyzers in andrology research and veterinary\n                    practice","volume":"57","author":"J Verstegen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.09.019","article-title":"Predictors of success of semen cryopreservation in chickens","volume":"69","author":"E Blesbois","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03277.x","article-title":"Correlation of CASA velocity and linearity parameters with sperm mobility\n                    phenotype in turkeys","volume":"21","author":"L M King","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Sperm mobility in birds: insights from fowl sperm. In: Roldan ERS, Gomendio M,\n                    Hrsg. Spermatology","author":"D P Froman","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138353","article-title":"Which semen parameters have a predicitive value for pregnancy in infertile\n                    couples","volume":"9","author":"M A Bielsa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02839.x","article-title":"Why the WHO recommendations for eosin-nigrosin staining techniques for human\n                    sperm vitality assessment must change","volume":"25","author":"L Bjorndahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"volume-title":"Hrsg. Laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5.\n                    Aufl","year":"2010","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","key":"ref15"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg199","article-title":"Evaluation of the one-step eosin-nigrosin staining technique for human\n                    sperm","volume":"18","author":"L Bj\u00f6rndahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"volume-title":"The role of demographic and genetic resource management in maintaining small\n                    populations of falcons in captivity: the example of the New Zealand Falcon\n                    (Falco novaeseelandiae) Captive Breeding Programme and a pilot study to\n                    cryopreserve semen from falconidae using field techniques","year":"2002","author":"T A Bailey","key":"ref17"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0741191","article-title":"Viability assessment of turkey sperm using fluorescent staining and flow\n                    cytometry","volume":"74","author":"A M Donoghue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod53.2.276","article-title":"Viability assessment of mammalian sperm using SYBR-14 and propidium iodide","volume":"53","author":"D L Garner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.09.001","article-title":"Comparison of assessment of pigeon sperm viability by contrast-phase microscope\n                    (eosin-nigrosin staining) and flow cytometry (SYBR-14\/propidium iodide\n                    (PI) staining) [evaluation of pigeon sperm viability]","volume":"77","author":"M D Klimowicz-Bodys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/s0093-691x(98)00155-1","article-title":"Comparison of assessment of fowl sperm viability by eosin-nigrosin and dual\n                    fluorescence (SYBR-14\/PI)","volume":"50","author":"T Chalah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13785","article-title":"Viability assessment of spermatozoa in large falcons (Falco spp.) using various\n                    stains and staining protocols","volume":"55","author":"D Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.08.018","article-title":"Semen characteristics, cryopreservation, and successful artificial insemination\n                    in the blue rock pigeon (Columba livia)","volume":"62","author":"S D Sontakke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.043430","article-title":"Semen characteristics of the captive Indian white-backed vulture (Gyps\n                    bengalensis)","volume":"73","author":"G Umapathy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.02.006","article-title":"The comparison of assessment of pigeon semen motility and sperm concentration by\n                    conventional methods and the CASA system (HTM IVOS)","volume":"70","author":"M Klimowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.2.303","article-title":"Sperm mobility: phenotype in roosters (Gallus domesticus) determined by\n                    concentration of motile sperm and straight-line velocity","volume":"63","author":"D P Froman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.06.025","article-title":"Survival of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) sperm preserved at subzero\n                    temperatures and different cryoprotectant concentrations","volume":"78","author":"S Sood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1645","article-title":"Sperm morphology and sperm velocity in passerine birds","volume":"276 no","author":"S L\u00fcpold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.11.023","article-title":"Semen evaluation in four autochthonous wild raptor species using computer-aided\n                    sperm analyzer","volume":"85","author":"A Dogliero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.08.013","article-title":"Use of computer-assisted semen analysis for evaluation of Rosy-faced lovebird\n                    (Agapornis roseicollis) semen collected in different periods of the year","volume":"83","author":"A Dogliero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.05.023","article-title":"Comparison of conventional and computer-assisted semen analysis in cockatiels\n                    (Nymphicus hollandicus) and evaluation of different insemination dosages for\n                    artificial insemination","volume":"82","author":"D Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0293R1.1","article-title":"Characterization of natural ejaculates and sperm cryopreservation in a golden\n                    eagle (Aquila chrysaetus","volume":"46","author":"S Villaverde-Morcillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5997320","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5997320","article-title":"Assessment of sperm viability and computer-assisted motility analysis in\n                    budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): effect of several in vitro processing\n                    conditions","volume":"2022","author":"M Madeddu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.04.051","article-title":"Immature and mature sperm morphometry in fresh and frozen-thawed falcon\n                    ejaculates","volume":"98","author":"S Villaverde-Morcillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.01.012","article-title":"A pilot study about assisted reproduction in harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) in\n                    the course of species conservation including collection, storage, and analysis\n                    of semen","volume":"181","author":"D Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2307\/3800603","article-title":"Reproduction of prairie falcons by artificial insemination","volume":"41","author":"L L Boyd","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/237287a0","article-title":"Artificial insemination with imprinted birds of prey","volume":"237","author":"S A Temple","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"92","article-title":"Management practices for captive kestrels used as semen donors for artificial\n                    insemination","volume":"10","author":"D M Bird","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Raptor Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1647\/2003-16","article-title":"Semen collection, spermatozoa cryopreservation, and artificial insemination in\n                    nondomestic birds","volume":"18","author":"J H Samour","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623695","article-title":"Semen collection and artificial insemination in cockatiels (Nymphicus\n                    hollandicus) \u2013 a potential model for psittacines","volume":"41","author":"D Neumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2002)033[0001:PPFEBO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Producing progeny from endangered birds of prey, urine contamination,\n                    intramagnal insemination","volume":"33","author":"J M Blanco","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1993.tb00370.x","article-title":"Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) of epididymal sperm from the domestic\n                    cat","volume":"14","author":"J J Stachecki","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1998.tb02008.x","article-title":"Semen donor selection by in vitro sperm mobility increases fertility and semen\n                    storage in the turkey hen","volume":"19","author":"A M Donoghue","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59300-5","article-title":"Computerized semen analysis: objective measurement of semen characteristics is\n                    biased by subjective parameter setting","volume":"48","author":"U A Knuth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/s0093-691x(01)00440-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the \u201cHamilton Thorn computer-based automated\n                    system\u201d for dog semen analysis","volume":"55","author":"M Iguer-ouada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theriogenology"}],"container-title":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere \/ Heimtiere"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2053-7319.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T12:28:58Z","timestamp":1764160138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2053-7319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2053-7319","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1239","2567-5842"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1434-1239"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2567-5842"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}}}