{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:51:10Z","timestamp":1788889870412,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Res (Stuttg)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nitrosamines are a class of chemical compounds that have been found to be\n                    impurities in a variety of pharmaceutical products. These impurities have raised\n                    concerns due to their potential carcinogenic effects. Recent studies have\n                    identified nitrosamines as impurities in a number of pharmaceutical products\n                    including angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and proton pump inhibitors\n                    (PPIs). The presence of nitrosamines in these products has led to recalls and\n                    market withdrawals. In addition to pharmaceuticals, nitrosamines have also been\n                    found in some herbal medicines particularly those containing traditional Chinese\n                    medicinal ingredients. The presence of nitrosamines in herbal formulations poses\n                    a significant risk to public health and highlights the need for quality control\n                    and regulations in the herbal drug industry. The present review article aims to\n                    discuss nitrosamine impurities (NMI) prominent causes, risks and scientific\n                    strategies for preventing NMI in herbal formulations. The primary objective of\n                    this study is to examine the origins of nitrosamine contamination in herbal\n                    formulations, the risks associated with these contaminants, and the methods for\n                    reducing them. The significance of thorough testing and examination before\n                    releasing herbal products to the public is also emphasized. In conclusion, the\n                    presence of nitrosamines is not limited to pharmaceutical products and poses a\n                    significant threat to the safety of herbal drugs as well. Adequate testing and\n                    extensive research are crucial for producing and distributing herbal medicines\n                    to the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2081-4232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T22:54:07Z","timestamp":1690239247000},"page":"431-440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nitrosamine Impurities in Herbal Formulations: A Review of Risks and\n                    Mitigation Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Nunavath Raja","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS\n                    Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu,\n                    India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnaveni","family":"Nagappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS\n                    Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu,\n                    India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhu Tanya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of\n                    Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu,\n                    India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"Dhanabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of\n                    Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu,\n                    India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.0c02774","article-title":"An Organic Chemist\u2019s Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure,\n                    Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants","volume":"86","author":"J C Beard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9465","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189465","article-title":"Estimated cancer risks associated with nitrosamine contamination in commonly\n                    used medications","volume":"18","author":"K Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.261","article-title":"Analysis of nitrosamines in processed meat products in Medan city by liquid\n                    chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"7","author":"H Cintya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132046","article-title":"The occurrence of volatile and non-volatile N-nitrosamines in cured meat\n                    products from the Danish market","volume":"378","author":"A A Niklas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Food Chem"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.02.010","article-title":"Determination of dietary exposure and extraction efficiency of nitrosamine from\n                    cooked meat","volume":"5","author":"AT M Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Res Food Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2021.1971303","article-title":"Nitrite, biogenic amines and volatile N-nitrosamines in commercial Chinese\n                    traditional fermented fish products","volume":"15","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.114677","article-title":"Nitrites as precursors of N-nitrosation in pharmaceutical samples \u2013 A\n                    trace level analysis","volume":"213","author":"J Jire\u0161","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3048","article-title":"Nitrosamine formation from the reaction of methamphetamine with gaseous nitrous\n                    acid","volume":"14","author":"A Mayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.1c00162","article-title":"Nitrosamine Reactivity: A Survey of Reactions and Purge Processes","volume":"25","author":"C J Borths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org Process Res Dev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001217","article-title":"Cancer Risk of Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Valsartan: A Population-based\n                    Study","volume":"79","author":"T H Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104749","article-title":"Are all nitrosamines concerning? 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