{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T09:37:06Z","timestamp":1778233026703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007305","name":"Maternal and Child Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R40MC375370100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R40MC375370100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KL2 TR001859,UL1 TR001860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR001859,UL1 TR001860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) and its associations with maternal demographic factors. Additionally, we sought to determine whether longitudinal changes in BPBI incidence differed by maternal demographics.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003We conducted a retrospective cohort study of over 8 million maternal\u2013infant pairs using California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Linked Birth Files from 1991 to 2012. Descriptive statistics were used to determine BPBI incidence and the prevalence of maternal demographic factors (race, ethnicity, age). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations of year, maternal race, ethnicity, and age with BPBI. Excess population-level risk associated with these characteristics was determined by calculating population attributable fractions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003The incidence of BPBI between 1991 and 2012 was 1.28 per 1,000 live births, with peak incidence of 1.84 per 1,000 in 1998 and low of 0.9 per 1,000 in 2008. Incidence varied by demographic group, with infants of Black (1.78 per 1,000) and Hispanic (1.34 per 1,000) mothers having higher incidences compared with White (1.25 per 1,000), Asian (0.8 per 1,000), Native American (1.29 per 1,000), other race (1.35 per 1,000), and non-Hispanic (1.15 per 1,000) mothers. After controlling for delivery method, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and year, infants of Black (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20091.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.70, 2.08), Hispanic (AOR\u2009=\u20091.25, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.18, 1.32), and advanced-age mothers (AOR\u2009=\u20091.16, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.09, 1.25) were at increased risk. Disparities in risk experienced by Black, Hispanic, and advanced-age mothers contributed to a 5, 10, and 2% excess risk at the population level, respectively. Longitudinal trends in incidence did not vary among demographic groups. Population-level changes in maternal demographics did not explain changes in incidence over time.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003Although BPBI incidence has decreased in California, demographic disparities exist. Infants of Black, Hispanic, and advanced-age mothers are at increased BPBI risk compared with White, non-Hispanic, and younger mothers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2097-1358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T23:07:52Z","timestamp":1684796872000},"page":"e2106-e2114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Maternal Epidemiology of Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries in California: 1996 to 2012"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3992-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Claire B.","family":"Manske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Machelle D.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barton L.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Melnikow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herman L.","family":"Hedriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00853","article-title":"The epidemiology of neonatal brachial plexus palsy in the United States","volume":"90","author":"S L Foad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001089","article-title":"The epidemiology of brachial plexus birth palsy in the United States: declining incidence and evolving risk factors","volume":"39","author":"C J DeFrancesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2014.04.007","article-title":"Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: incidence, prevalence, and temporal trends","volume":"38","author":"S P Chauhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00455.x","article-title":"Neurological recovery in obstetric brachial plexus injuries: an historical cohort study","volume":"46","author":"A F Hoeksma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00463.x","article-title":"Natural history of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"W Pondaag","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-009-0208-3","article-title":"Prognosis following neonatal brachial plexus palsy: an evidence-based review","volume":"3","author":"S L Foad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child 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