{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:44:20Z","timestamp":1772714660649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective short-term\n treatment for schizophrenia and depression, amongst other disorders. Lidocaine\n is typically added to reduce pain from intravenous propofol injection. However,\n depending on the dose used in the ECT setting, it can shorten seizure duration.\n The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lidocaine dose on seizure\n duration.<\/jats:p>\n Methods This retrospective, naturalistic cohort study included 169\n patients treated with ECT. We examined 4714 ECT sessions with propofol or\n propofol plus lidocaine. Ictal quality was manually rated by visual inspection.\n The main outcome of this study was the relation of lidocaine with seizure\n duration after controlling for socio-demographic, ECT, and other anesthetic\n variables.<\/jats:p>\n Results There was a significant negative association between lidocaine\n usage and seizure duration. Multivariate analyses showed that seizure duration\n was shortened by an average of 3.21\u2009s in sessions with lidocaine.\n Moreover, in this subgroup, there was a significant negative dose-dependent\n association between lidocaine dose and seizure length. Complementarily, a\n significant positive association between preictal BIS and seizure length was\n found in the subgroup of sessions where preictal was used.<\/jats:p>\n Conclusions We provide additional evidence highlighting the importance of\n caution regarding lidocaine dosing due to the effect on seizure length in the\n ECT setting. It is advisable for clinicians to exercise caution when\n administering lidocaine regarding its dosing and seizure length in ECT settings.\n Future investigation is needed to assess causal relationships by studying\n certain vulnerable groups or employing other charge calculation techniques, such\n as the titration method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2114-4327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T23:27:27Z","timestamp":1693351647000},"page":"197-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does Lidocaine Shorten Seizure Duration in Electroconvulsive\n Therapy?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jose","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ilundain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona,\n Spain. Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA),\n Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Ballesteros","family":"Prados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service,\n Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela S. Rosero","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona,\n Spain. Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA),\n Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Enguita-Germ\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarrabiomed-HUN-UPNA, Unidad de Metodolog\u00eda. Instituto de\n Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estefania Uriarte","family":"Rosquil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra,\n Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose L\u00f3pez","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona,\n Spain. Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA),\n Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Marmol","family":"F\u00e1brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona,\n Spain. Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA),\n Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estitxu","family":"Martinez de Zabarte Moraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex R.","family":"Maughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Yoldi-Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra,\n Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.04.002","article-title":"When all else fails: The use of electroconvulsive therapy for conditions other\n than major depressive episode","volume":"41","author":"P B Rosenquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: A\n systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"361","author":"UK ECT Review Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000093","article-title":"Propofol for ECT anesthesia a review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"K G Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.134","article-title":"Low dose lignocaine added to propofol does not attenuate the response to\n electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"126","author":"R D MacPherson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.1.49","article-title":"Role of lidocaine (lignocaine) in managing status epilepticus","volume":"55","author":"J Pascual","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03820.x","article-title":"Lidocaine in the treatment of status epilepticus","volume":"4","author":"I A Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.197844","article-title":"Outcome of four pretreatment regimes on hemodynamics during electroconvulsive\n therapy: A double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"20","author":"D A Parikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(97)00191-8","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic responses to electroconvulsive therapy are not related to the\n duration of seizure activity","volume":"9","author":"W Fu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1989.tb13597.x","article-title":"Pain on injection of methohexitone. The use of lignocaine to modify pain on\n injection of methohexitone during anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"44","author":"K H Simpson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200205000-00037","article-title":"Pre-ictal bispectral index has a positive correlation with seizure duration\n during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"94","author":"F Nishihara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-950395","article-title":"ECT anesthesia: The lighter the better?","volume":"39","author":"A Sartorius","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1331748","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring and seizure quality optimization in\n electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"46","author":"L 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Stimul"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.05.006","article-title":"The effectiveness of BIS monitoring during electro-convulsive therapy: A\n systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"G Guerrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2019.17.4.523","article-title":"Can propofol lead to an increase in seizure threshold over the course of\n electroconvulsive therapy?","volume":"17","author":"H G Aytuluk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.9.1190","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of right versus left unilateral ECT and the\n lateralization theory of ECT action","volume":"146","author":"R Abrams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04971gre","article-title":"Influence of anesthetic drugs and concurrent psychiatric medication on seizure\n adequacy during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"71","author":"B D Bundy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(97)00191-8","article-title":"Acute hemodynamic responses to electroconvulsive therapy are not related to the\n duration of seizure activity","volume":"9","author":"W Fu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00261-6","article-title":"Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: A review of the\n process","volume":"20","author":"R P Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Prev 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N Kimball","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0962-7","article-title":"A novel seizure quality index based on ictal parameters for optimizing clinical\n decision-making in electroconvulsive therapy. Part 2: Validation","volume":"269","author":"L Kranaster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000557","article-title":"An electrophysiological biomarker that may predict treatment response to\n ECT","volume":"35","author":"K W Scangos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15270","article-title":"The use of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and recovery:\n International consensus statement on efficacy and safety","volume":"76","author":"I Foo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31823d2fef","article-title":"Management of severe postictal agitation after electroconvulsive therapy with\n bispectrum electroencephalogram index monitoring: A case report","volume":"28","author":"L Kranaster","year":"2012","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.05.006","article-title":"The effectiveness of BIS monitoring during electro-convulsive therapy: A\n systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"G Guerrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.1946590","article-title":"Dosing methods in electroconvulsive therapy: Should the Scandinavian\n time-titration method be resumed?","volume":"76","author":"P Bergsholm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181e48165","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy stimulus parameters: Rethinking dosage","volume":"26","author":"A V Peterchev","year":"2010","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"CD003843","article-title":"Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative\n recovery","volume":"17","author":"Y Punjasawadwong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2019.17.4.523","article-title":"Can propofol lead to an increase in seizure threshold over the course of\n electroconvulsive therapy?","volume":"17","author":"H G Aytuluk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"596","article-title":"The comparative effects of methohexital, propofol, and etomidate for\n electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"81","author":"M N Avramov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"}],"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2114-4327.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T23:17:45Z","timestamp":1694128665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2114-4327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2114-4327","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}