{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:40:32Z","timestamp":1776415232342,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003This study aimed to evaluate the reported amount of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommended nutrients in commercially available, over-the-counter prenatal vitamins (PNVs) in the United States, to assess their adequacy compared with the ACOG guidelines, and to compare these supplements by cost.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003The top 30 online Amazon and Google shopping items found using \u201cprenatal vitamins\u201d in September 2022 were included for analysis if they included the words \u201cprenatal\u201d and \u201cvitamin\u201d in the label and contained multiple nutrients. Duplicates between Amazon and Google were excluded as well as vitamins that did not list all ingredients. The reported amounts of 11 key nutrients, as recommended by the ACOG, for each product were recorded, as well as supplemental form and cost per 30-day supply. A cost analysis was done of PNVs that met the ACOG recommendations for the highlighted nutrients compared with those that did not. Five out of the 11 key nutrients (folic acid, iron, docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin D, and calcium) were specifically highlighted, as deficiencies in these nutrients are known to correlate with significant clinical outcomes in pregnancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003A total of 48 unique PNVs were included for final analysis. Of these PNVs, none were compliant with suggested amounts of all five key vitamins and nutrients. No products met daily recommendations for calcium. Only five PNVs were compliant with recommendations with 4\/5 key nutrients. Of note, 27% of PNVs did not have the recommended amount of folic acid (13\/48). The median cost of PNVs that were not compliant with the four nutrients mentioned above was $18.99 (interquartile range [IQR]: $10.00\u201330.29), which was not statistically different from the median cost of the PNVs that did meet compliance with the four nutrients, which was $18.16 (IQR: $9.13\u201326.99), p\u2009=\u20090.55.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003There were significant variations in the level of nutrients and cost of commercially available, over-the-counter PNVs in the United States. This raises concern that there should be more regulation of PNVs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2125-1148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T22:55:25Z","timestamp":1688770525000},"page":"e2547-e2554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Commercially Available Prenatal Vitamins Do Not Meet American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Nutritional Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin K.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3057-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Mccoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.05.004","article-title":"Folic acid and primary prevention of neural tube defects: a review","volume":"80","author":"J D van Gool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","first-page":"663","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy","volume":"138","author":"A H James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.113233","article-title":"DHA deficiency and prefrontal cortex neuropathology in recurrent affective disorders","volume":"140","author":"R K McNamara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195967","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967","article-title":"Estimation of total usual dietary intakes of pregnant women in the United States","volume":"2","author":"R L Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.04.002","article-title":"Is nutrient content and other label information for prescription prenatal supplements different from nonprescription products?","volume":"117","author":"L G Saldanha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","first-page":"CD008873","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"L M De-Regil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0176","article-title":"Evaluation of prenatal vitamin-mineral preparations in the context of recommended dietary supplementation. Are pregnant women supplied with what they should get?","volume":"72","author":"R Wierzejska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2022.12.018","article-title":"Selecting a dietary supplement with appropriate dosing for 6 key nutrients in pregnancy","volume":"117","author":"K A Sauder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.134544","article-title":"Analytical ingredient content and variability of adult multivitamin\/mineral products: national estimates for the Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database","volume":"105","author":"K W Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.007","article-title":"Adolescent behavior and dopamine availability are uniquely sensitive to dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency","volume":"75","author":"C O Bondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006814","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006814","article-title":"Demographic and socioeconomic disparity in nutrition: application of a novel correlated component regression approach","volume":"5","author":"A Alkerwi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019003240","article-title":"Socio-economic and racial prenatal diet quality disparities in a national US sample","volume":"23","author":"H W Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113001857","article-title":"The relationship between socioeconomic status and nutritional knowledge in women during pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"M Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutritional Society."},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","first-page":"62","article-title":"Nutrient and food group intakes of low-income pregnant women by race\/ethnicity","volume":"12","author":"A M Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Dispar Res Pract"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2125-1148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T13:40:24Z","timestamp":1730814024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2125-1148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S 01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2125-1148","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}