{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:48:08Z","timestamp":1787737688807,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) primarily affects preterm, especially small for gestational age (SGA), infants. This study was designed to (1) describe frequency and timing of NEC in SGA versus non-SGA infants and (2) assess whether NEC is independently associated with the severity of intrauterine growth failure.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003Retrospective cohort study of infants without severe congenital malformations born &lt;33 weeks' gestational age (GA) carried out from 2009 to 2021. The frequency and time of NEC were compared between SGA and non-SGA infants. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess whether NEC was independently associated with intrauterine growth restriction. Severe growth restriction was defined as birth weight Z-score\u2009&lt;\u2009 \u22122.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003Among 2,940 infants, the frequency of NEC was higher in SGA than in non-SGA infants (25\/268 [9.3%] vs. 110\/2,672 [4.1%], respectively, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). NEC developed 2 weeks later in SGA than non-SGA infants. In multivariate analysis, the adjusted odds of NEC increased with extreme prematurity (&lt;28 weeks' GA) and with severe but not moderate growth restriction. The adjusted odds of NEC increased with urinary tract infection or sepsis within a week prior to NEC, were lower in infants fed their mother's own milk until discharge, and did not change over five epochs. NEC was independently associated with antenatal steroid (ANS) exposure in infants with birth weight (BW) Z-score\u2009&lt;\u20090.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003NEC was more frequent in SGA than in non-SGA infants and developed 2 weeks later in SGA infants. NEC was independently associated with severe intrauterine growth failure and with ANS exposure in infants with BW Z-score\u2009&lt;\u20090.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2183-5155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T23:01:12Z","timestamp":1695942072000},"page":"1544-1553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Size for Gestational Age on Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants: Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Mariela","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan D.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott and White, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mambarambath A.","family":"Jaleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Clipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate L.M.","family":"Mangona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Steven","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra H.","family":"Wyckoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diksha","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Kiefaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl S.","family":"Lair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujir P.","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patti J.","family":"Burchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-0132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc P.","family":"Brion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005408","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"364","author":"J Neu","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000880","article-title":"Clinical presentation and multifactorial pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis in the preterm infant","volume":"21","author":"R E Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25746-6","article-title":"Machine learning-based risk factor analysis of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants","volume":"12","author":"H Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci 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M Weydig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2021.08.020","article-title":"Dose completion of antenatal corticosteroids and neonatal outcomes in non-small-for-gestational age or small-for-gestational age very-low-birthweight infants: a Korean population-based cohort study","volume":"63","author":"S K Yum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1718644","article-title":"The effect of antenatal corticosteroids on small-for-gestational age preterm neonates","volume":"35","author":"K Ra\u017eem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.07.003","article-title":"Association between positive urine cultures and necrotizing enterocolitis in a 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