{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:49:43Z","timestamp":1783648183947,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research on rare tumors heavily relies on suitable models for basic and\n                    translational research. Paragangliomas (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors\n                    (NET), developing from adrenal (pheochromocytoma, PCC) or extra-adrenal (PGL)\n                    chromaffin cells, with an annual incidence of 2\u20138 cases per million.\n                    While most PPGL cases exhibit slow growth and are primarily treated with\n                    surgery, limited systemic treatment options are available for unresectable or\n                    metastatic tumors. Scarcity of appropriate models has hindered PPGL research,\n                    preventing the translation of omics knowledge into drug and therapy development.\n                    Human PPGL cell lines are not available, and few animal models accurately\n                    replicate the disease\u2019s genetic and phenotypic characteristics. This\n                    review provides an overview of laboratory models for PPGLs, spanning cellular,\n                    tissue, organ, and organism levels. We discuss their features, advantages, and\n                    potential contributions to diagnostics and therapeutics. Interestingly, it\n                    appears that in the PPGL field, disease models already successfully implemented\n                    in other cancers have not been fully explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2204-4549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T23:32:57Z","timestamp":1704324777000},"page":"51-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Animal and Cell Culture Models of PPGLs \u2013 Achievements and\n                    Limitations"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bhargavi","family":"Karna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich \u2013\n                    German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Simona","family":"Pellegata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich \u2013\n                    German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg,\n                    Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia,\n                    Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermine","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich \u2013\n                    German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220167","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-22-0167","article-title":"Genetic bases of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma","volume":"70","author":"A Casc\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mol 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