{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T14:29:22Z","timestamp":1792420162049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Padiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background Olfactory dysfunction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in\n                    children has not been verified by a validated olfactory test. We aimed to\n                    determine whether these complaints are objectifiable (test-based hyposmia), how\n                    often they occur during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to other upper\n                    respiratory tract infections (URTI), as well as in children recovered from\n                    COVID-19 compared to children with long COVID.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods Olfactory testing (U-sniff test; hyposmia&lt;8 points) and\n                    survey-based symptom assessments were performed in 434 children (5\u201317\n                    years; 04\/2021\u201306\/2022). 186 symptom-free children\n                    served as controls. Of the children with symptoms of acute respiratory tract\n                    infection, SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results were positive in 45 and negative in 107\n                    children (URTI group). Additionally, 96 children were recruited at least 4 weeks\n                    (17.6\u00b115.2 weeks) after COVID-19, of whom 66 had recovered and 30 had\n                    developed long COVID.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results Compared to controls (2.7%), hyposmia frequency was\n                    increased in all other groups (11\u201317%, p&lt;0.05), but no\n                    between-group differences were observed. Only 3\/41 children with\n                    hyposmia reported complaints, whereas 13\/16 children with complaints\n                    were normosmic, with the largest proportion being in the long-COVID group\n                    (23%, p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion Questionnaires are unsuitable for assessing hyposmia frequency\n                    in children. Olfactory complaints and hyposmia are not specific for SARS-CoV-2\n                    infection. The number of complaints in the long-COVID group could result from\n                    aversive olfactory perception, which is undetectable with the U-sniff test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2208-6245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T23:40:47Z","timestamp":1706053247000},"page":"129-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subjective Smell Disturbances in Children with Sars-Cov-2 or Other\n                    Viral Infections do not Correspond with Olfactory Test Results"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University\n                    Children\u2019s Hospital Regensburg at Campus St. Hedwig, University\n                    Regensburg, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kerzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University\n                    Children\u2019s Hospital Regensburg at Campus St. Hedwig, University\n                    Regensburg, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lukasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty\n                    of Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Mallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schlegtendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Schwarzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"van Ackeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty\n                    of Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Volkenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty\n                    of Medicine, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folke","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ruhr University of Bochum Faculty of\n                    Medicine, Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pneumology, University Hospital Schleswig\n                    Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research,\n                    L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_225_21","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of COVID 19 in children: prospective study in a single\n                    center","volume":"24","author":"E G\u00fcrka\u015f","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110539","article-title":"Subtle olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in children","volume":"140","author":"A Concheiro-Guisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0677","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in pediatric patients with coronavirus\n                    disease (COVID-19)","volume":"31","author":"M Bernaola Abraira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110626","article-title":"Loss of smell and taste in COVID-19 infection in adolescents","volume":"142","author":"L Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820934376","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as an early identifier of COVID-19 in adults\n                    and children: an international multicenter study","volume":"163","author":"C Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2475","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29403","article-title":"Smell status in children infected with 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Omicron infection using the\n                    Sniffin\u2019 Sticks test in Tianjin, China","volume":"123","author":"Y Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.03.011","article-title":"Development of an international odor identification test for children: the\n                    universal Sniff Test","volume":"198","author":"V A Schriever","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin19.355","article-title":"\u201cU-Sniff\u201d - the international odor identification test for\n                    children: an extension of its normative database and study of global\n                    reliability","volume":"58","author":"L Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.01.009","article-title":"Normative 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Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.04.038","article-title":"Evaluation of olfactory function in children with allergic rhinitis and\n                    nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"86","author":"S Kutlug","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03380-1","article-title":"Influence of chronic diseases on the olfactory function in children","volume":"178","author":"J Gellrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29286","article-title":"Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a\n                    meta-analysis of 27,492 patients","volume":"131","author":"J Saniasiaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.248","article-title":"Position paper on olfactory dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"T Hummel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin21.415","article-title":"A follow-up on quantitative and qualitative olfactory dysfunction and other\n                    symptoms in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss","volume":"60","author":"K Ohla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820926473","article-title":"The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"J Y Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.2.107","article-title":"Distorted odorant perception: analysis of a series of 56 patients with\n                    parosmia","volume":"131","author":"P Bonfils","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-021-02630-9","article-title":"Parosmia due to COVID-19 disease: a 268 case series","volume":"74","author":"R A Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29982","article-title":"Clinical features of parosmia associated with COVID-19 infection","volume":"132","author":"D K Lerner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221120117","article-title":"Qualitative olfactory dysfunction and COVID-19: an evidence-based review with\n                    recommendations for the clinician","volume":"37","author":"J B Gary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22818","article-title":"Parosmia in patients with COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"N Raad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5248-1","article-title":"Updated Sniffin\u2019 Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of\n                    9139 subjects","volume":"276","author":"A Oleszkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0173-0","article-title":"Normative data for the \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d including tests\n                    of 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Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00202-7","article-title":"The mechanisms of smell loss after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"20","author":"R L Doty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783249","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.783249","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a review","volume":"12","author":"G Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20053-y","article-title":"Longitudinal symptom dynamics of COVID-19 infection","volume":"11","author":"B Mizrahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003328","article-title":"How common is long COVID in children and adolescents?","volume":"40","author":"P Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13495-5","article-title":"Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and\n                    meta-analyses","volume":"12","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00457-6","article-title":"Long COVID in children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"A A Asadi-Pooya","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e509","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0000000000003285","article-title":"Long COVID in children: observations from a designated pediatric clinic","volume":"40","author":"L Ashkenazi-Hoffnung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081251","article-title":"Chronic olfactory dysfunction in children with long COVID: a retrospective\n                    study","volume":"9","author":"D Buonsenso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2018.02.002","article-title":"Olfactory perception in children","volume":"4","author":"E L Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["Klinische P\u00e4diatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2208-6245.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T12:23:03Z","timestamp":1730809383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2208-6245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2208-6245","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8630","1439-3824"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8630","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3824","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]}}}