{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:23Z","timestamp":1787004863607,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A high prevalence of iron deficiency exists in athlete populations. Various\n                    mechanisms, including increased losses through sweat, haemolysis, haematuria,\n                    and gastrointestinal micro-ischemia; inadequate dietary intake; and transient\n                    exercise-induced increases in the regulatory hormone, hepcidin, contribute to\n                    the increased prevalence in athletes. Indeed, hepcidin has been shown to peak\n                    around 3\u20136\u2009hours post-exercise, limiting iron absorption from\n                    the gut. As the practitioner\u2019s ability to control losses is limited, the\n                    key to treatment of iron deficiency in athletes is optimal timing of dietary and\n                    oral iron supplementation around these periods of reduced gut absorption. While\n                    timing and dosing schedule strategies might be sufficient to treat iron\n                    deficiency non-anaemia, the significant lag to impact iron status is relatively\n                    long. Therefore, in iron deficiency anaemia, the use of parenteral iron has the\n                    benefit of rapid repletion of iron stores and normalisation of haemoglobin\n                    status, while bypassing the action of hepcidin at the gut. Furthermore, newer\n                    intravenous formulations can be administered as a single total dose over\n                    15\u201360\u2009min and have a similar safety profile to oral treatment.\n                    This review discusses the existing evidence for parenteral iron use in athletes\n                    and the unique context for consideration when choosing the parenteral route in\n                    this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2211-0813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T19:44:56Z","timestamp":1699991096000},"page":"496-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Parenteral Iron Therapy: Examining Current Evidence for Use in\n                    Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Nikita","family":"Fensham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic\n                    University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alannah Kelly Anne","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic\n                    University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University,\n                    Joondalup, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth,\n                    Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Peeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western\n                    Australia, Crawley, Australia"},{"name":"Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont,\n                    Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01360-2","article-title":"Refining treatment strategies for iron deficient athletes","volume":"50","author":"R McCormick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14196","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14196","article-title":"Iron deficiency in sports \u2013 definition, influence on performance and\n                    therapy","volume":"145","author":"G Cl\u00e9nin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.17.3.221","article-title":"Effect of iron injections on aerobic-exercise performance of iron-depleted\n                    female athletes","volume":"17","author":"P Peeling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101052","article-title":"Threshold ferritin and hepcidin concentrations indicating early iron deficiency\n                    in young women based on upregulation of iron absorption","volume":"39","author":"V Galetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClin Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.6.695","article-title":"A case study of an iron-deficient female Olympic 1500-m runner","volume":"8","author":"C R Pedlar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04157-y","article-title":"Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review","volume":"119","author":"M Sim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416606","article-title":"High prevalence of iron deficiency exhibited in internationally competitive,\n                    non-professional female endurance athletes\u2013a case study","volume":"19","author":"S T Sims","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04157-y","article-title":"Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review","volume":"119","author":"M Sim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.7.3.271","article-title":"Hemolytic effects of a football-specific training session in elite female\n                    players","volume":"7","author":"D Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2023.2224285","article-title":"Timing is everything, but does it really matter? 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