{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:02:38Z","timestamp":1768291358763,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Medical Faculty"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["434472323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434472323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003484","name":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus, a combination of immune-based\n                    interventions and medication to promote beta-cell survival and proliferation has\n                    been proposed. Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor\n                    antagonist with a good safety profile, and to date, preclinical and clinical\n                    evidence for blood glucose-lowering and islet-cell-protective effects of DXM\n                    have only been provided for animals and individuals with type 2 diabetes\n                    mellitus. Here, we assessed the potential anti-diabetic effects of DXM in the\n                    non-obese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes. More specifically, we showed\n                    that DXM treatment led to five-fold higher numbers of pancreatic islets and more\n                    than two-fold larger alpha- and beta-cell areas compared to untreated mice.\n                    Further, DXM treatment improved glucose homeostasis and reduced diabetes\n                    incidence by 50%. Our data highlight DXM as a novel candidate for\n                    adjunct treatment of preclinical or recent-onset type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2236-8625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T23:45:50Z","timestamp":1704239150000},"page":"223-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist Dextromethorphan\n                    Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Preserves Pancreatic Islets in NOD\n                    Mice"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"W\u00f6rmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology,\n                    Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine\n                    University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Nortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology,\n                    Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine\n                    University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hamacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Uhlemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center\n                    (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Helmholtz Zentrum\n                    M\u00fcnchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Umwelt,\n                    Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Belgardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center\n                    (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Helmholtz Zentrum\n                    M\u00fcnchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Umwelt,\n                    Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eberhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ertan","family":"Mayatepek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology,\n                    Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine\n                    University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology,\n                    Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine\n                    University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eckhard","family":"Lammert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center\n                    (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Helmholtz Zentrum\n                    M\u00fcnchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Umwelt,\n                    Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Welters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology,\n                    Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine\n                    University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center\n                    (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University\n                    D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09635-3","article-title":"Current treatment options and challenges in patients with Type 1 diabetes:\n                    Pharmacological, technical advances and future perspectives","volume":"22","author":"F Boscari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31142-0","article-title":"Advances in technology for management of type 1 diabetes","volume":"394","author":"R W Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05391-w","article-title":"New closed-loop insulin systems","volume":"64","author":"C K Boughton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.014","article-title":"Insulin and insulin analogs as antidiabetic therapy: A perspective from clinical\n                    trials","volume":"33","author":"C K Kramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0384","article-title":"State of type 1 diabetes management and outcomes from the T1D exchange in\n                    2016-2018","volume":"21","author":"N C Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1706292","article-title":"Mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"A Rawshani","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708337","article-title":"Effects of sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"S K Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31506-X","article-title":"Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes\n                    in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study","volume":"392","author":"A Rawshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-7-199804010-00001","article-title":"Effect of intensive therapy on residual beta-cell function in patients with type\n                    1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial. A randomized,\n                    controlled trial","volume":"128","author":"The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research\n                            Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30112-8","article-title":"The challenge of modulating beta-cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"M A Atkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05176-7","article-title":"Presumption of innocence for beta cells: why are they vulnerable autoimmune\n                    targets in type 1 diabetes?","volume":"63","author":"R Mallone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00443-4","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the beta-cell (do not blame the immune\n                    system?)","volume":"17","author":"B O Roep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"K C Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05184-7","article-title":"Transplant strategies for type 1 diabetes: whole pancreas, islet and porcine\n                    beta cell therapies","volume":"63","author":"M D Bellin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3822","article-title":"Characterization of pancreatic NMDA receptors as possible drug targets for\n                    diabetes treatment","volume":"21","author":"J Marquard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.12.004","article-title":"Exciting times for pancreatic islets: glutamate signaling in endocrine\n                    cells","volume":"27","author":"S Otter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2021.05.011","article-title":"Peripherally active dextromethorphan derivatives lower blood glucose levels by\n                    targeting pancreatic islets","author":"O Scholz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44120","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44120","article-title":"An excessive increase in glutamate contributes to glucose-toxicity in beta-cells\n                    via activation of pancreatic NMDA receptors in rodent diabetes","volume":"7","author":"X T Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12576","article-title":"Effects of dextromethorphan as add-on to sitagliptin on blood glucose and serum\n                    insulin concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a\n                    randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, multiple crossover, single-dose\n                    clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"J Marquard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.120.265835","article-title":"Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan influence insulin secretion by interacting with\n                    K(ATP) and L-type Ca(2+) channels in pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"375","author":"A Gresch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.019","article-title":"Rodent lymphocytes express functionally active glutamate receptors","volume":"324","author":"A A Boldyrev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.04.009","article-title":"The excitotoxic effect of NMDA on human lymphocyte immune function","volume":"51","author":"A P Mashkina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.10.164","article-title":"Human T lymphocytes express N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors functionally active\n                    in controlling T cell activation","volume":"338","author":"G Miglio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9519-7","article-title":"NMDA receptors are expressed in lymphocytes activated both in vitro and in\n                    vivo","volume":"30","author":"A P Mashkina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297912020022","article-title":"NMDA receptors in immune competent cells","volume":"77","author":"A A Boldyrev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12846","article-title":"Neurotransmitter signalling via NMDA receptors leads to decreased T helper type\n                    1-like and enhanced T helper type 2-like immune balance in humans","volume":"153","author":"K Orihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01273-13","article-title":"Immunosuppression by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists is mediated\n                    through inhibition of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 channels in T cells","volume":"34","author":"S Kahlfuss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.043166","article-title":"Dextromethorphan protects dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated\n                    degeneration through inhibition of microglial activation","volume":"305","author":"Y Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02254358","article-title":"Dextromethorphan prevents circulatory failure in rats with endotoxemia","volume":"11","author":"C C Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.10.003","article-title":"Protective effect of dextromethorphan against endotoxic shock in mice","volume":"69","author":"G Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03082.x","article-title":"Treatment with dextromethorphan improves endothelial function, inflammation and\n                    oxidative stress in male heavy smokers","volume":"6","author":"P Y Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp043","article-title":"Dextromethorphan reduces oxidative stress and inhibits atherosclerosis and\n                    neointima formation in mice","volume":"82","author":"S L Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00950-10","article-title":"Dextromethorphan efficiently increases bactericidal activity, attenuates\n                    inflammatory responses, and prevents group a streptococcal sepsis","volume":"55","author":"M H Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/125643","article-title":"Dextromethorphan inhibits activations and functions in dendritic cells","author":"D Y Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3830","article-title":"Dextromethorphan provides neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory and\n                    anti-excitotoxicity effects in the cortex following traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"B Pu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11378-8","article-title":"Dextromethorphan exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in a\n                    murine model of collagen-induced arthritis and in human rheumatoid\n                    arthritis","volume":"7","author":"D Y Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.02.025","article-title":"Ultralow doses of dextromethorphan protect mice from endotoxin-induced\n                    sepsis-like hepatotoxicity","volume":"303","author":"R Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"696","article-title":"Dextromethorphan exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in a\n                    murine model: therapeutic implication in psoriasis","volume":"12","author":"Y M Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.08.019","article-title":"The importance of the non obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune\n                    diabetes","volume":"66","author":"J A Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Meth"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4161\/isl.1.3.9556","article-title":"A new collagenase blend increases the number of islets isolated from mouse\n                    pancreas","volume":"1","author":"P Yesil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Islets"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method","volume":"3","author":"T D Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115643","article-title":"The NOD mouse: a model of immune dysregulation","volume":"23","author":"M S Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0516","article-title":"Prevention of autoimmune diabetes and induction of beta-cell proliferation in\n                    NOD mice by hyperbaric oxygen therapy","volume":"61","author":"G Faleo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00343","article-title":"Cell-mediated beta cell destruction: autoimmunity and alloimmunity in the\n                    context of type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"A L Burrack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0853","article-title":"Expression and regulation of chemokines in murine and human type 1 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"S A Sarkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.204.Supp.59.7","article-title":"Reduced level of CX3CR1 positive T-cells and monocytes in children with, newly\n                    diagnosed, Type 1 diabetes","volume":"204","author":"E Dadfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.2976","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of the Idd4 locus implicates the IFN response in type\n                    1 diabetes susceptibility in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"176","author":"E A Ivakine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404144","article-title":"Macrophages and beta-cells are responsible for CXCR2-mediated neutrophil\n                    infiltration of the pancreas during autoimmune diabetes","volume":"6","author":"J Diana","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0443","article-title":"CXCR1\/2 inhibition blocks and reverses type 1 diabetes in mice","volume":"64","author":"A Citro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0625","article-title":"Increased expression of CCL2 in insulin-producing cells of transgenic mice\n                    promotes mobilization of myeloid cells from the bone marrow, marked insulitis,\n                    and diabetes","volume":"57","author":"A P Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8980","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc8980","article-title":"Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive\n                    high-risk individuals","volume":"13","author":"E K Sims","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05398-3","article-title":"Current and future therapies for type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"B J von Scholten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.21","article-title":"The role of inflammation in insulitis and \u03b2-cell loss in type 1\n                    diabetes","volume":"5","author":"D L Eizirik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100093","article-title":"The vicious cycle of apoptotic beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes","volume":"85","author":"A Kaminitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1309","article-title":"Islet expression of M3 uncovers a key role for chemokines in the development and\n                    recruitment of diabetogenic cells in NOD mice","volume":"57","author":"A P Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.06.018","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in obesity and diabetes","volume":"60","author":"J Panee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02759","article-title":"More than just attractive: how CCL2 influences myeloid cell behavior beyond\n                    chemotaxis","volume":"10","author":"M Gschwandtner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/84205","article-title":"Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation","volume":"2","author":"S A 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