{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1787311967495,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science & Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["43688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extracellular senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles are two devastating brain proteinopathies that are indicative of Alzheimer\u02bcs disease, the most prevalent type of dementia. Currently, no effective medications are available to stop or reverse Alzheimer\u02bcs disease. Ginkgo biloba extract, commonly referred to as EGb 761, is a natural product made from the leaves of the G. biloba tree. It has long been demonstrated to have therapeutic benefits in Alzheimer\u02bcs disease. The current study assessed the beneficial effects of EGb 761 against Alzheimer\u02bcs disease in comparison with memantine, a standard treatment for Alzheimer\u02bcs disease. The scopolamine-heavy metals mixture rat Alzheimer\u02bcs disease model is a newly created model to study the effects of EGb 761 oral therapy on cognitive performance and other Alzheimer\u02bcs disease-like changes over a 28-day experimental period. This new Alzheimer\u02bcs disease model provides better criteria for Alzheimer\u02bcs\n          disease hallmarks than the conventional scopolamine model. The EGb 761 reversed memory and learning deficits induced by the scopolamine-heavy metals mixture. These outcomes were linked to a more pronounced inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase, caspase-3, hippocampal amyloid-beta protein (A\u03b21\u200a\u2013\u200a42), phosphorylated tau protein counts, and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-1\u03b2) compared to the memantine-treated group. Furthermore, EGb 761 treatment considerably reduced lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and improved reduced glutathione levels compared to memantine. Our results suggest EGb 761\u2032s potential in treating central nervous system disorders. It\u02bcs a promising candidate for future Alzheimer\u02bcs disease therapeutic exploration. This study also highlights the need for future research to focus on the positive benefits of herbal medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2245-3624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T19:22:26Z","timestamp":1706556146000},"page":"286-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Memantine versus Ginkgo biloba Extract: A Comparative Study on Cognitive Dysfunction Treatment in a Novel Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Essmat A. H.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel-Azim","family":"Assi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia M.","family":"Badary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda M. Y.","family":"Farrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam A.","family":"Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy152","article-title":"Spreading of tau pathology in sporadic Alzheimer\u02bcs disease along cortico-cortical top-down connections","volume":"28","author":"H Braak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000115115.98960.37","article-title":"Early Abeta accumulation and progressive synaptic loss, gliosis, and tangle formation in AD brain","volume":"62","author":"M Ingelsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00889-6","article-title":"Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer\u02bcs disease","volume":"29","author":"R Dhapola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179573520907397","DOI":"10.1177\/1179573520907397","article-title":"Current and future treatments in Alzheimer disease: An update","volume":"12","author":"K G Yiannopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111623","article-title":"Advances in developing therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer\u02bcs disease","volume":"139","author":"T T Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666171109104141","article-title":"Polyphenols: Inflammation","volume":"24","author":"M Natsume","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043386437","article-title":"Review about Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 (Ginkgo)","volume":"10","author":"H J Gertz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13095","article-title":"Treatment of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with or without cerebrovascular disease: Expert consensus on the use of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761\u00ae","volume":"25","author":"N Kandiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115645","article-title":"Leaves, seeds and exocarp of Ginkgo biloba L. 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