{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:23:05Z","timestamp":1781796185012,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rhinoplasty is one of the most common plastic surgeries and is commonly associated with postoperative edema, ecchymosis, and pain which play a role in patients' dissatisfaction. In this randomized comparative study, we discuss the effect of cannula drainage in the reduction of postoperative periorbital edema, ecchymosis, pain, and nasal obstruction after open structural septorhinoplasty. The study was conducted at a tertiary referral center from April to November 2022. We performed internal lateral osteotomy on all patients using the lateral saw and aided by lateral osteotome. At the end of the procedure, a cannula drain is prepared and inserted in the subperiosteal tunnel on the left side only. Patients were examined on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days for periorbital edema, ecchymosis, pain, and nasal obstruction, and each side is scored separately. A total of 40 patients (80 sides in total) were recruited, 22 females (55%) and 18 males (45%), all of whom were adults (18\u201344 years old; mean age 29 years). The most frequent age group is those younger than 20 years representing 35% of the sample and the males forming 33.3%. The reduction in edema and pain was statistically significant in the drained sides (p\u2009=\u20090.000) during all the postoperative days. On the other hand, ecchymosis was lower on the drained side but statistically insignificant (p\u2009=\u2009&gt; 0.29). Nasal obstruction was reduced significantly only on the seventh postoperative day (p\u2009=\u20090.000). The postoperative morbidities associated with rhinoplasty could have important functional and psychological effects on patients. This study demonstrates that inserting a cannula in the subperiosteal tunnel for drainage in rhinoplasty yields a significant clinical and statistical decrease in postoperative periorbital edema and pain with little effect on ecchymosis and nasal obstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2253-5971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1706142110000},"page":"664-669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effect of Cannula Drain in Reducing Edema and Ecchymosis after Rhinoplasty"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Saad Younus","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0280-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham","family":"Alnori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam","family":"Al-Talibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT Surgery, Al-Jamhuri Teaching Hospital, Mosul, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Goksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT Facial Plastic Surgery, RinoIstanbul Clinic, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006561","article-title":"Incidence of postoperative adverse events after rhinoplasty: a systematic review","volume":"145","author":"B Sharif-Askary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002101","article-title":"Interventions to decrease postoperative edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"137","author":"A A Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.1737","article-title":"Role of tranexamic acid in reducing intraoperative blood loss and postoperative 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tunnels in rhinoplasty","volume":"21","author":"D S Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_294_18","article-title":"Comparison of edema and ecchymosis in rhinoplasty candidates after lateral nasal osteotomy using piezosurgery and external osteotomy","volume":"9","author":"M A Ghavimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adv Pharm Technol Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","first-page":"319","article-title":"Visualized subperiosteal internal lateral osteotomy in open rhinoplasty for improved recovery and outcome","volume":"45","author":"Y G Darwish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt J Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.05.047","article-title":"Effect of periosteum elevation on periorbital ecchymosis in rhinoplasty","volume":"62","author":"A Al-Arfaj","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-005-0158-1","article-title":"Effects of different corticosteroids on edema and ecchymosis in open rhinoplasty","volume":"30","author":"A Gurlek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X11416110","article-title":"Perioperative steroids for minimizing edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"D A Hatef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2014.96.5.395a","article-title":"Limiting oedema, ecchymosis and haemorrhage in septorhinoplasty with ice cooled swabs","volume":"96","author":"R Hettige","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000264397.80585.bd","article-title":"A randomized, controlled comparison between arnica and steroids in the management of postrhinoplasty ecchymosis and edema","volume":"120","author":"A Totonchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref14","first-page":"180","article-title":"Use of drains in surgery: a review","volume":"19","author":"R Durai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perioper Pract"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2022.07.017","article-title":"Drainage tube use for the reduction of postoperative ecchymosis in rhinoplasty","volume":"68","author":"B C Eser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Chir Plast Esthet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27913","article-title":"Postoperative pain and analgesic 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