{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:23:09Z","timestamp":1790742189258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dementia, with loss of memory, cognitive abilities, and independent daily\n                    functioning, is increasing worldwide, related to an aging population. Currently,\n                    there is no curative treatment for dementia. Treatment of the frequently\n                    occurring behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is partially\n                    effective and associated with significant side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cannabinoids are lipophilic molecules acting on the CB1 end CB2 receptors,\n                    essential for main biological processes such as sleep, appetite, memory, and\n                    pain. Cannabinoids might have a positive impact on amyloid formation in\n                    Alzheimer\u2019s disease, the main form of dementia, and on BPSD symptoms. Most\n                    knowledge currently concerns delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol\n                    (CBD). In the context of dementia and BPSD, THC might be beneficial for\n                    associated spasticity and possible pain or lack of appetite and CBD probably\n                    works better on sleep, agitation, and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This overview of prospective clinical studies and randomized clinical trials,\n                    published between 2005 and April 2023, using cannabinoids for BPSD suggests that\n                    older studies using low-dose oral synthetic THC showed no positive results.\n                    Still, more recent studies using THC\/CBD-based oral medication at higher doses\n                    show promising results and are feasible and safe in this elderly polymedicated\n                    population. Several RCTs are ongoing and planned worldwide, and we hope other\n                    trials will follow to establish clinical efficiency and optimal dosing, as well\n                    as other outcomes such as deprescribing other medications and facilitation of\n                    care. We suggest that researchers also address the more sociological aspects of\n                    prescribing cannabinoids for dementia and BPSD in their specific context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2262-7837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T19:43:21Z","timestamp":1709754201000},"page":"160-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cannabinoids for Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia: An\n                    Overview"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Broers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals, Primary Care Division, Geneva,\n                    Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva University Hospitals, Palliative Care Division, Geneva,\n                    Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957665","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.957665","article-title":"Cannabinoids for behavioral symptoms in severe dementia: safety and feasibility\n                    in a long-term pilot observational study in nineteen patients","volume":"14","author":"S Pautex","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Moving toward the clinic","volume":"5","author":"E Aso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719892717","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: A systematic review\n                    and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"A Bahji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000498924","article-title":"Prescription of a THC\/CBD-based medication to patients with dementia: A pilot\n                    study in Geneva","volume":"2","author":"B Broers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3917\/psyt.252.0129","article-title":"Prescription de cannabis \u00e0 usage th\u00e9rapeutique pour les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es\n                    atteintes de d\u00e9mence: L\u2019engouement des proches aidants","volume":"25","author":"A Revol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychotropes"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108832","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1108832","article-title":"Medical cannabinoids for painful symptoms in patients with severe dementia: A\n                    randomized, double-blind crossover placebo-controlled trial protocol","volume":"4","author":"F Bianchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"P F Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.08.026","article-title":"A tale of two cannabinoids: The therapeutic rationale for combining\n                    tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol","volume":"66","author":"E Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-007-0420-z","article-title":"Actigraphy in agitated patients with dementia. Monitoring treatment\n                    outcomes","volume":"40","author":"R Mahlberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2015.07.011","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol in behavioral disturbances in dementia: A crossover\n                    randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"GA H van den Elsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001675","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: A randomized\n                    controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"G A van den Elsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.05.002","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of nabilone for agitation in Alzheimer\u2019s\n                    disease","volume":"27","author":"N Herrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951889","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.951889","article-title":"Effects of rich cannabidiol oil on behavioral disturbances in patients with\n                    dementia: A placebo controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"V Hermush","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0343-1","article-title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for nighttime agitation in severe dementia","volume":"185","author":"S Walther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150915","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of medical cannabis oil for behavioral and psychological\n                    symptoms of dementia: An-open label, add-on, pilot study","volume":"51","author":"A Shelef","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.107","article-title":"Caring for behavioral symptoms of dementia (CBD): A new investigation into\n                    cannabidiol for the treatment of anxiety and agitation in Alzheimer\u2019s\n                    dementia","volume":"29","author":"K McManus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"348","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a treatment for neurobiological, behavioral, and psychological\n                    symptoms in early-stage dementia: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical\n                    trial protocol","volume":"8","author":"J G Bartschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610221001150","article-title":"Study rationale and baseline data for pilot trial of dronabinol adjunctive\n                    treatment of agitation in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (THC-AD)","volume":"11","author":"L M Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113488","article-title":"NAbiximols Clinical Translation To the treatment of Pain and Agitation In Severe\n                    Dementia (NACTOPAISD): Clinical trial protocol","volume":"153","author":"D Scuteri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-4085-x","article-title":"Use of cannabinoid-based medicine among older residential care recipients\n                    diagnosed with dementia: Study protocol for a double-blind randomised crossover\n                    trial","volume":"21","author":"A Timler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"159","article-title":"Preparation of a placebo-controlled trial of THC-CBD medication for severely\n                    demented patients with behavioral symptoms: A marathon full of barriers and\n                    pitfalls","volume":"5","author":"F Bianchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Cannabis Cannabinoids"}],"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2262-7837.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T05:59:22Z","timestamp":1730786362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2262-7837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2262-7837","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}}}