{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T16:35:30Z","timestamp":1776270930762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Primary extracranial meningiomas (PEMs) of the sinonasal tract with no intracranial extension are rare. Our study presents the largest systematic review to date, providing a comprehensive overview and comparison of the characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of PEMs, with comparison to primary intracranial meningiomas (PIMs).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar up to November 1, 2022. A total of 70 documented cases from 64 articles were included. Data analysis was performed to compare low-grade (World Health Organization [WHO] Grade I) and high-grade (Grade II, III) PEMs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Majority of patients were symptomatic with nasal symptoms (72.1%), followed by eye symptoms (41.2%) and facial swellings (41.2%). The nasal cavity was the most commonly affected site (70.0%). Most tumors were WHO Grade 1 (87.5%) with meningothelial histological subtype. PEMs have a predilection for involvement of surrounding structures, with more than half reporting erosion of sinonasal walls or orbital involvement (64.3%). Despite so, PEMs have a favorable prognosis, with high survival rates (95.3%) and low rate of recurrence (8.5%). Mainstay of treatment is surgical resection (98.6%). A total of 69\/70 cases (98.6%) underwent surgical resection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusions\u2003There are no clear defining clinical features of PEMs; hence, it is imperative for clinicians to prioritize histological diagnosis to guide further management. A conclusive diagnosis of PEMs, i.e., exclusion of PIMs, requires imaging and potential intraoperative assessment. Its prognosis is likely dependent on both WHO grading and the ability to achieve complete surgical extirpation. Endoscopic resection is recommended even in high-grade PEMs for localized and resectable disease. Radiotherapy may be reserved for unresectable or recurrent tumors as salvage therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2263-1881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T23:53:56Z","timestamp":1707350036000},"page":"112-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Primary Extracranial Meningiomas of the Sinonasal Tract: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Xin L.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6748-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin Rui Tzen","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.105.1.51","article-title":"Dural involvement in primary extradural meningiomas of the cranial vault","volume":"105","author":"H Bassiouni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.6.0940","article-title":"Primary extradural meningiomas: a report on nine cases and review of the literature from the era of computerized tomography scanning","volume":"93","author":"F F Lang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-009-0118-1","article-title":"Primary extracranial meningiomas: an analysis of 146 cases","volume":"3","author":"E J Rushing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200005000-00002","article-title":"Extracranial sinonasal tract meningiomas: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases with a review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"L D Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339874","article-title":"Meningioma of the paranasal sinuses","volume":"17","author":"K F Lee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19841101)54:9<1860::AID-CNCR2820540916>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. 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