{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:13:53Z","timestamp":1780596833961,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ultraschall Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is estimated that chronic pelvic pain (CPP) may affect up to 24% of women. Unfortunately, very often, despite extensive diagnostics, the cause of CPP remains unknown. The pathophysiology of CPP could be explained to a large extent by the occurrence of pelvic venous disorders (PVD). Although pelvic venography is still considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of PVD, noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques seem to be instrumental in the initial identification of patients with PVD. This literature review aimed to analyze and evaluate the usefulness of noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques like transvaginal ultrasonography, transabdominal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography in the diagnosis and identification of patients with PVD. Forty-one articles published between 1984 and 2023 were included in this literature review. Based on this literature review, we conclude that the clinical application of noninvasive diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of PVD seems to be very promising. Future studies investigating the role of noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques in the diagnosis of PVD are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2263-7193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T23:55:12Z","timestamp":1707350112000},"page":"597-603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Noninvasive diagnostic imaging of pelvic venous disorders"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Szkodziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Chair and Department of Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slawomir","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Chair and Department of Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3582-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Robert","family":"Szkodziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Chair and Department of Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Pyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Paszkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Chair and Department of Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2021.100730","article-title":"Clinical Presentation and Evaluation of Pelvic Venous Disorders in Women","volume":"24","author":"NM Khilnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2014.01.030","article-title":"Pelvic congestion syndrome: etiology of pain, diagnosis, and clinical management","volume":"25","author":"D Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.12.084","article-title":"The Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders","volume":"9","author":"MH Meissner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"468","key":"ref5","first-page":"541","article-title":"The community prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women and associated illness behaviour","volume":"51","author":"KT Zondervan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-177","article-title":"WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity","volume":"6","author":"P Latthe","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3895-7","article-title":"Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature","volume":"293","author":"C Borghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2020.0093","article-title":"Pelvic venous insufficiency \u2013 an often-forgotten cause of chronic pelvic pain","volume":"91","author":"J Szymanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2028-8214","article-title":"The Benefit of Transvaginal Elastography in Detecting Deep Endometriosis: A Feasibility Study","author":"A Xholli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultraschall in Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1300-1887","article-title":"The Association Between Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Transvaginal Ultrasound Findings in Women Referred for Endometriosis Evaluation: A Prospective Pilot Study","volume":"43","author":"L Cohen Ben-Meir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultraschall in Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(84)91165-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of pelvic varicosities in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"2","author":"RW Beard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771041","article-title":"Pelvic Venous Disorders: An Update in Terminology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"40","author":"MR Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1727104","article-title":"Choosing the Most Appropriate Treatment Option for Pelvic Venous Disease: Stenting versus Embolization","volume":"38","author":"ME Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355514568063","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of pelvic congestive syndrome","volume":"30","author":"CW Arnoldussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355517702057","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of clinical findings for the diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"33","author":"AL Herrera-Betancourt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538116670499","article-title":"Diagnosing of pelvic vein incompetence using minimally invasive ultrasound techniques","volume":"25","author":"V Hansrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8010008","article-title":"Identification of Pelvic Congestion Syndrome Using Transvaginal Ultrasonography. A Useful Tool","volume":"8","author":"I Valero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12709","article-title":"Pelvic venous insufficiency: imaging diagnosis, treatment approaches, and therapeutic issues","volume":"204","author":"MG Knuttinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.3.1820683","article-title":"Diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography","volume":"182","author":"SJ Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2021.100731","article-title":"Imaging of Pelvic Venous Disorders (PeVD); Should Every Patient Get an MRI?","volume":"24","author":"SR Topper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355514554638","article-title":"Transvaginal duplex ultrasonography appears to be the gold standard investigation for the haemodynamic evaluation of pelvic venous reflux in the ovarian and internal iliac veins in women","volume":"30","author":"MS Whiteley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355516677135","article-title":"A standardized ultrasound approach to pelvic congestion syndrome","volume":"32","author":"N Labropoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13311","article-title":"Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"MP Steenbeek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2014.10.013","article-title":"Ovarian Vein Diameter Cannot Be Used as an Indicator of Ovarian Venous Reflux","volume":"49","author":"SJ Dos Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2015.07.002","article-title":"Criteria for detecting significant chronic iliac venous obstructions with duplex ultrasound","volume":"4","author":"PB Metzger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.1.8539413","article-title":"Nutcracker syndrome: diagnosis with Doppler US","volume":"198","author":"SH Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2013.06.004","article-title":"The role of duplex ultrasound in the workup of pelvic congestion syndrome","volume":"2","author":"RD Malgor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729152","article-title":"Updates in Magnetic Resonance Venous Imaging","volume":"38","author":"P Lombardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W458","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2557","article-title":"Time-resolved MR angiography as a useful sequence for assessment of ovarian vein reflux","volume":"193","author":"CY Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/79155839","article-title":"Time-resolved MR angiography for detecting and grading ovarian venous reflux: comparison with conventional venography","volume":"85","author":"DM Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/82417499","article-title":"Time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance venography in patients with pelvic congestion syndrome","volume":"83","author":"EA Dick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2008.06.024","article-title":"MR venography in the detection of pelvic venous congestion","volume":"36","author":"G Asciutto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-007-9160-0","article-title":"Chronic pelvic pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology","volume":"30","author":"A Ganeshan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200881","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200881","article-title":"Female pelvic congestion syndrome: how can CT and MRI help in the management decision?","volume":"94","author":"AM Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s002619900451","article-title":"Pelvic congestion syndrome: demonstration and diagnosis by helical CT","volume":"24","author":"JH Desimpelaere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.08.044","article-title":"Diagnostic value of computed tomographic findings of nutcracker syndrome: correlation with renal venography and renocaval pressure gradients","volume":"80","author":"KW Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.200.2.8685336","article-title":"Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: efficacy of spiral CT venography compared with conventional venography in diagnosis","volume":"200","author":"MM Baldt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2021.0086","article-title":"A comprehensive use of ultrasound examination in infertility workup","author":"K Kowalczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.1.g00ja10135","article-title":"Dynamic subtraction contrast-enhanced MR angiography: technique, clinical applications, and pitfalls","volume":"20","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22288","article-title":"Use of time resolved magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome","volume":"32","author":"T Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-019-0395-4","article-title":"Evaluation of venous pathology of the lower extremities with triggered angiography non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"19","author":"YK Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"}],"container-title":["Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2263-7193.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T23:37:54Z","timestamp":1733960274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2263-7193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2263-7193","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4614","1438-8782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4614","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-8782","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]}}}