{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T10:52:58Z","timestamp":1771671178984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Background\u2003Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and thrombosis are linked, but the biomolecular mechanism is unclear. We aimed to investigate the causal relationship between COVID-19 and thrombotic biomarkers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Methods\u2003We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the effect of COVID-19 on 20 thrombotic biomarkers. We estimated causality using inverse variance weighting with multiplicative random effect, and performed sensitivity analysis using weighted median, MR-Egger regression and MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods. All the results were examined by false discovery rate (FDR) with the Benjamin and Hochberg method for this correction to minimize false positives. We used R language for the analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003All COVID-19 classes showed lower levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1). COVID-19 significantly reduced TFPI (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.639, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.435\u20130.938) and IL-1R1 (OR\u2009=\u20090.603, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.417\u20130.872), nearly doubling the odds. We also found that COVID-19 lowered multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2 and increased C\u2013C motif chemokine 3. Hospitalized COVID-19 cases had less plasminogen activator, tissue type (tPA) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), while severe cases had higher mean platelet volume (MPV) and lower platelet count. These changes in TFPI, tPA, IL-1R1, MPV, and platelet count suggested a higher risk of thrombosis. Decreased PSGL-1 indicated a lower risk of thrombosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003TFPI, IL-1R, and seven other indicators provide causal clues of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and thrombosis. This study demonstrated that COVID-19 causally influences thrombosis at the biomolecular level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2263-8514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T23:51:20Z","timestamp":1707349880000},"page":"709-720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Causal Effects of COVID-19 on the Risk of Thrombosis: A Two-Sample Mendel Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Zhengran","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zijin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanye","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zejun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medicine School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanke","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 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