{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:11:39Z","timestamp":1791331899512,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and atherosclerotic\n                    cardiovascular diseases are common and growing public health concerns. Previous\n                    epidemiological studies unfolded the robust correlation between obesity, NAFLD,\n                    and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is a well-known risk factor\n                    for NAFLD, and both of them can markedly increase the odds of atherosclerotic\n                    cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, significant weight loss achieved by\n                    lifestyle modification, bariatric surgery, or medications, such as semaglutide,\n                    can concomitantly improve NAFLD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.\n                    Therefore, certain pathophysiological links are involved in the development of\n                    NAFLD in obesity, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in obesity and\n                    NAFLD. Moreover, recent studies indicated that simultaneously targeting several\n                    mechanisms by tirzepatide and retatrutide leads to greater weight loss and\n                    markedly improves the complications of metabolic syndrome. These findings remind\n                    the importance of a mechanistic viewpoint for breaking the association between\n                    obesity, NAFLD, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this review\n                    article, we mainly focus on shared pathophysiological mechanisms, including\n                    insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, GLP1 signaling, inflammation, oxidative\n                    stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone\n                    system (RAAS) overactivity, and endothelial dysfunction. Most of these\n                    pathophysiological alterations are primarily initiated by obesity. The\n                    development of NAFLD further exacerbates these molecular and cellular\n                    alterations, leading to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease development or\n                    progression as the final manifestation of molecular perturbation. A better\n                    insight into these mechanisms makes it feasible to develop new multi-target\n                    approaches to simultaneously unhinge the deleterious chain of events linking\n                    obesity and NAFLD to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2266-1503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T20:04:00Z","timestamp":1710273840000},"page":"683-696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Pathophysiological Associations Between Obesity, NAFLD, and\n                    Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong\n                    University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong\n                    University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong\n                    University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Specialty of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The\n                    First Clinical School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese\n                    Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3313-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong\n                    University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Parsa","family":"Eftekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol,\n                    Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moein","family":"Ala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,\n                    Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005","article-title":"The epidemiology of obesity","volume":"92","author":"Y C Chooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246378","article-title":"Association between metabolically healthy obesity\/overweight and cardiovascular\n                    disease risk: a representative cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"16","author":"T L Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13069","article-title":"Prevalence, characteristics and mortality outcomes of obese, nonobese and lean\n                    NAFLD in the United States, 1999-2016","volume":"288","author":"B Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and chronic liver disease among adolescents and young\n                    adults. 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