{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:29:53Z","timestamp":1792214993690,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"09","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Clinical Research Coordinating Center","award":["HC19C0130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HC19C0130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2003This study aimed to evaluate racial differences in bleeding incidence by conducting an ecological epidemiological study using data from Korea and the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods\u2003We included healthy participants from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening and the UK Biobank who underwent health examinations between 2006 and 2010 and had no comorbidities or history of medication use. Finally, 112,750 East Asians (50.7% men, mean age 52.6 years) and 210,995 Caucasians (44.7% men, mean age 55.0 years) were analyzed. The primary outcome was composed of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and bleeding from the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003During the follow-up, primary outcome events occurred in 2,110 East Asians and in 6,515 Caucasians. East Asians had a 38% lower 5-year incidence rate compared with Caucasians (3.88 vs. 6.29 per 1,000 person-years; incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59\u20130.65). East Asians showed a lower incidence of major bleeding (IRR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.81\u20130.91), bleeding from the gastrointestinal (IRR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.49\u20130.56), and genitourinary systems (IRR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.44\u20130.53) compared with Caucasians. The incidence rates of ICH (IRR: 3.20, 95% CI: 2.67\u20133.84) and bleeding from the respiratory system (IRR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11\u20131.47) were higher in East Asians. Notably, East Asians consuming alcohol \u22653 times\/week showed a higher incidence of the primary outcome than Caucasians (IRR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.25).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003This ecological study revealed significant racial differences in bleeding incidence, influenced by anatomical sites and lifestyle habits, underscoring the need for tailored approaches in bleeding management based on race.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2269-1123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T18:53:25Z","timestamp":1708023205000},"page":"842-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Racial Differences in Bleeding Risk: An Ecological Epidemiological Study Comparing Korea and United Kingdom Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Dong-Seon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pil-Sung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunsun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Tae","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hoon","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Nam","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon-Hyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory Y.H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyoung","family":"Joung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of 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