{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:25Z","timestamp":1787004865000,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background Evidence indicates an association between immune dysregulation\n                    and major depressive disorder (MDD). Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase\n                    inhibitor, has been shown to reduce pro-inflammatory activities. The aim of this\n                    study was to evaluate changes in depressive symptoms and pro-inflammatory\n                    markers after administration of PTX as an adjunctive agent to citalopram in\n                    patients with MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods One hundred patients were randomly assigned to either citalopram\n                    (20\u2009mg\/day) plus placebo (twice daily) (n=50) or citalopram (20\u2009mg\/day) plus PTX\n                    (400\u2009mg) (twice daily) (n=50). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17\n                    (HAM-D-17) scores at baseline, weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 and serum levels of\n                    interleukin1-\u03b2 (IL-1-\u03b2), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, C-reactive protein, IL-6,\n                    serotonin, IL-10, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at baseline and\n                    week 12 were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results HAM-D-17 score in the PTX group significantly reduced in\n                    comparison to the control group after weeks 4, 6, 8,10, and 12 ((LSMD): \u2212\u20092.193,\n                    p=0.021; \u2212\u20092.597, p=0.036; \u2212\u20092.916, p=0.019; \u2212\u20094.336, p=0.005; and \u2212\u20094.087,\n                    p=0.008, respectively). Patients who received PTX had a better response (83%)\n                    and remission rate (79%) compared to the placebo group (49% and 40%, p=0.006 and\n                    p=0.01, respectively). Moreover, the reduction in serum concentrations of\n                    pro-inflammatory factors and increase in serotonin and BDNF in the PTX group was\n                    significantly greater than in the placebo group (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion These findings support the safety and efficacy of PTX as an\n                    adjunctive antidepressant agent with anti-inflammatory effects in patients with\n                    MDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2291-7204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T19:01:29Z","timestamp":1715022089000},"page":"205-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pentoxifylline as a Novel Add-on Therapy for Major Depressive\n                    Disorder in Adult Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled\n                    Trial"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Talar A.","family":"Merza Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical\n                    University, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavgah A.","family":"Merza Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sulaimani, College of Nursing, Department of Community\n                    Health Nursing, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dyar M.","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical\n                    University, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq"},{"name":"Tishk International University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kurdistan\n                    Region-Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halmat M.","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical\n                    University, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"G S Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20519","article-title":"Psychotherapy versus the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the\n                    treatment of depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra073096","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"358","author":"R H Belmaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.375","article-title":"Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive\n                    disorder","volume":"57","author":"L L Judd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430070062031","article-title":"The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical\n                    Outcomes Study","volume":"262","author":"K B Wells","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","article-title":"Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several\n                    treatment steps: A STAR*D report","volume":"163","author":"A J Rush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct075234","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for depression","volume":"357","author":"S H Lisanby","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1712493","article-title":"Depression in the primary care setting","volume":"380","author":"L T Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute\n                    treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and\n                    network meta-analysis","volume":"391","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.010","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and\n                    variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls","volume":"87","author":"E F Osimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1332","article-title":"Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in childhood with\n                    depression and psychosis in young adult life: A population-based longitudinal\n                    study","volume":"71","author":"G M Khandaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.004","article-title":"CRP, IL-6 and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal\n                    studies","volume":"150","author":"V Valkanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.20121776","article-title":"Association between systemic inflammation and individual symptoms of depression:\n                    A pooled analysis of 15 population-based cohort studies","volume":"178","author":"P Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"A J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01188-w","article-title":"Association of inflammation with depression and anxiety: Evidence for\n                    symptom-specificity and potential causality from UK Biobank and NESDA\n                    cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Y Milaneschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.029","article-title":"Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology\n                    of major depression","volume":"65","author":"A H Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.166","article-title":"Assessment of a multi-assay, serum-based biological diagnostic test for major\n                    depressive disorder: A pilot and replication study","volume":"18","author":"G I Papakostas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00134-7","article-title":"Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder","volume":"22","author":"S Lanquillon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_6","article-title":"Role of the kynurenine metabolism pathway in inflammation-induced depression:\n                    Preclinical approaches","volume":"31","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301029","article-title":"The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha\n                    activate serotonin transporters","volume":"31","author":"C B Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.116","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor activation by systemic lipopolysaccharide induces\n                    behavioral despair linked to MAPK regulation of CNS serotonin transporters","volume":"35","author":"C B Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00098","article-title":"Exploring the potential antidepressant mechanisms of TNF\u03b1 antagonists","volume":"13","author":"K J Brymer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00006-5","article-title":"Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental depression--what is the\n                    link?","volume":"16","author":"B Widner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.205","article-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology meets neuropsychopharmacology: Translational implications\n                    of the impact of inflammation on behavior","volume":"37","author":"E Haroon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2174\/138920008785821738","article-title":"Chronic immune stimulation correlates with reduced phenylalanine turnover","volume":"9","author":"G Neurauter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910658107","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappaB is a critical mediator of stress-impaired neurogenesis and\n                    depressive behavior","volume":"107","author":"J W Koo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_40","article-title":"Inflammation effects on brain glutamate in depression: Mechanistic\n                    considerations and treatment implications","volume":"31","author":"E Haroon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"4195","article-title":"Peripheral alterations in cytokine and chemokine levels after antidepressant\n                    drug treatment for major depressive disorder: Systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"C A K\u00f6hler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000492619","article-title":"The phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline as a novel adjunct to\n                    antidepressants in major depressive disorder patients: A proof-of-concept,\n                    randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"S M El-Haggar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0474-5","article-title":"Peripheral cytokine levels and response to antidepressant treatment in\n                    depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"J J Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082368","article-title":"Anti-TNF-\u03b1 compounds as a treatment for depression","volume":"26","author":"S Uzzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1984.tb03380.x","article-title":"Pentoxifylline: A new drug for the treatment of intermittent claudication.\n                    Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and adverse\n                    effects","volume":"4","author":"D M Aviado","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.001761.x","article-title":"Effect of pentoxifylline on levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines during chronic\n                    hepatitis C","volume":"63","author":"G Gutierrez-Reyes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.03.009","article-title":"Pentoxifylline prevents post-traumatic stress disorder induced memory\n                    impairment","volume":"139","author":"K H Alzoubi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.12.1662","article-title":"Pentoxifylline increases cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular\n                    disease","volume":"20","author":"D L Bowton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.11.4504-4509.1992","article-title":"Effect of ingested pentoxifylline on neutrophil superoxide anion production","volume":"60","author":"S P Crouch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32834d1385","article-title":"Pretreatment with pentoxifylline has antidepressant-like effects in a rat model\n                    of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"22","author":"T M Bah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(10)70303-0","article-title":"Regulation of cAMP by phosphodiesterases in erythrocytes","volume":"62","author":"S P Adderley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.032","article-title":"Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity\n                    in patients with coronary artery disease--a randomized placebo-controlled\n                    study","volume":"196","author":"J L Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development\n                    and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and\n                    ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"D V Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.117131","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance","volume":"55","author":"V N Vahia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.03.033","article-title":"Effect of celecoxib add-on treatment on symptoms and serum IL-6 concentrations\n                    in patients with major depressive disorder: Randomized double-blind\n                    placebo-controlled study","volume":"141","author":"S H Abbasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.04.002","article-title":"The neural systems of emotion regulation and abnormalities in major depressive\n                    disorder","volume":"367","author":"C Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150630175044","article-title":"Beyond monoamines-novel targets for treatment-resistant depression: A\n                    comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"J D Rosenblat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.040","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in bipolar disorder: A systematic review","volume":"241","author":"S Toma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00002.x","article-title":"Quantitative rating of depressive states","volume":"51","author":"P Bech","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20050161","article-title":"Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors","volume":"110","author":"S J Allen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.024","article-title":"Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression","volume":"31","author":"Y K Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.10.013","article-title":"A model of hippocampal neurogenesis in memory and mood disorders","volume":"11","author":"S Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110032","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets in mood disorders: Pentoxifylline (PTX) as a candidate\n                    treatment","volume":"104","author":"A N Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.10.007","article-title":"Association between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and plasma\n                    interleukin-6 in major depressive disorder with melancholic features","volume":"36","author":"K Patas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.060","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in depression: Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic\n                    implications","volume":"246","author":"J C Felger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050733","article-title":"Pathogenetic and therapeutic applications of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) in\n                    major depressive disorder: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"K Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.025","article-title":"Is depression associated with increased oxidative stress? A systematic review\n                    and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"C N Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.06.036","article-title":"The interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, DNA repair and\n                    mitochondrial dysfunction in depression","volume":"80","author":"P Czarny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.12.003","article-title":"Effects of antidepressants on alternations in serum cytokines and\n                    depressive-like behavior in mice after lipopolysaccharide administration","volume":"103","author":"Y Ohgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4044-5","article-title":"Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: Consequence or mediator of\n                    therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment?","volume":"233","author":"D Baumeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2014.09.014","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide repeated challenge followed by chronic mild stress protocol\n                    introduces a combined model of depression in rats: Reversibility by imipramine\n                    and pentoxifylline","volume":"126","author":"A S Elgarf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20589","article-title":"Clinical trial of adjunctive celecoxib treatment in patients with major\n                    depression: A double blind and placebo controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"S Akhondzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab\n                    for treatment-resistant depression: The role of baseline inflammatory\n                    biomarkers","volume":"70","author":"C L Raison","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1159\/000479163","article-title":"Impact of ixekizumab treatment on depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation\n                    in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: An integrated analysis of three\n                    phase 3 clinical studies","volume":"86","author":"CE M Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000118897","article-title":"A multicenter double-blind study of three different doses of the new\n                    cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram in patients with major depressive\n                    disorder","volume":"26","author":"W W Fleischhacker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76214","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19185","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow changes in remitted early- and late-onset depression\n                    patients","volume":"8","author":"W Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"108179","article-title":"Pentoxifylline neuroprotective effects are possibly related to its\n                    anti-inflammatory and TNF-alpha inhibitory properties, in the 6-OHDA model of\n                    Parkinson's disease","volume":"2015","author":"K R Neves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.089","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in the mitochondria isolated from lymphocytes of\n                    bipolar disorder patients during depressive episodes","volume":"264","author":"S S Valvassori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000353","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline combination therapy in major depressive\n                    disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"M Farajollahi-Moghadam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110635","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for treatment of major depression after percutaneous coronary\n                    intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized, double-blind,\n                    placebo-controlled trial","volume":"150","author":"S-O Yasrebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091063","article-title":"Effects of dexamethasone and pentoxifylline on mania-like and depression-like\n                    behaviors in rats","volume":"15","author":"A Nassar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"}],"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2291-7204.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T12:17:29Z","timestamp":1730809049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2291-7204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2291-7204","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]}}}