{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:03:47Z","timestamp":1787670227890,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on current evidence, this systematic review focuses on various gray areas related to these patients' diagnosis, management, and follow-up in central skull base osteomyelitis (CSBO).<\/jats:p><jats:p>A systematic review of all case reports and observational studies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus database, Cochrane database, U.K. clinicaltrails.gov registry, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and included all reports as per our inclusion criteria. Data was analyzed systematically, and we made essential observations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Out of 179 articles, 25 were selected according to inclusion criteria and quality assessment. Among the 44 patients, refractory headache (95%) was the most common presentation, followed by cranial nerve paralysis (82%) and Pseudomonas (32%) as the most common bacteria. Contrary to the available literature the disease cure was worse in those who underwent targeted biopsy (64% vs. 36%, p\u2009=\u20090.023) and surgical debridement (61% vs. 39%, p\u2009=\u20090.013) in the late stages of the disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Otogenic osteomyelitis can spread to central skull bones in the absence of obvious ear symptoms. Early diagnosis and intervention of CSBO before progression to late stages can help decrease significant morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2297-9474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T23:47:48Z","timestamp":1712101668000},"page":"360-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Current Evidence in the Management of Central Skull Base Osteomyelitis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1007-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesh Kumar","family":"P.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garima","family":"Upreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5725-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabarisan","family":"Paramasivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivaraman","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2069-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regi","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24440","article-title":"Central skull base osteomyelitis: an emerging clinical entity","volume":"124","author":"A K Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04450-3","article-title":"A pediatric case of central skull base osteomyelitis caused by Streptococcus milleri group infection and mimicking malignancy","volume":"36","author":"M Seki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.05.012","article-title":"Infection of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis: a morbid complication following adenoidectomy","volume":"111","author":"A E Wagenaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000233811.41177.48","article-title":"Circumferential petrosectomy for petrous apicitis and cranial base osteomyelitis","volume":"27","author":"A MB Visosky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref5","first-page":"2817","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of otogenic skull base osteomyelitis. 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