{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:25Z","timestamp":1787004865470,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Res (Stuttg)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pentoxifylline (PTX), a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has\n                    demonstrated protective effects against lung injury in animal models. Given the\n                    significance of pulmonary toxicity resulting from paraquat (PQ) exposure, the\n                    present investigation was designed to explore the impact of PTX on PQ-induced\n                    pulmonary oxidative impairment in male mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Following preliminary studies, thirty-six mice were divided into six groups.\n                    Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 received a single dose of PQ (20\u2009mg\/kg;\n                    i.p.), and group 3 received PTX (100\u2009mg\/kg\/day; i.p.). Additionally, treatment\n                    groups 4\u20136 were received various doses of PTX (25, 50, and 100\u2009mg\/kg\/day;\n                    respectively) one hour after a single dose of PQ. After 72\u2009hours, the animals\n                    were sacrificed, and lung tissue was collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>PQ administration caused a significant decrease in hematocrit and an increase in\n                    blood potassium levels. Moreover, a notable increase was found in the lipid\n                    peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, along\n                    with a notable decrease in total thiol (TTM) and total antioxidant capacity\n                    (TAC) contents, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activity\n                    in lung tissue. PTX demonstrated the ability to improve hematocrit levels;\n                    enhance SOD activity and TTM content; and decrease MPO activity, LPO and NO\n                    levels in PQ-induced pulmonary toxicity. Furthermore, these findings were\n                    well-correlated with the observed lung histopathological changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, our results suggest that the high dose of PTX may ameliorate lung\n                    injury by improving the oxidant\/antioxidant balance in animals exposed to\n                    PQ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2314-1137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T18:47:57Z","timestamp":1717440477000},"page":"241-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Pentoxifylline in Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary\n                    Toxicity: Role of the Phosphodiesterase Enzymes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Farshad","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North\n                    Cyprus, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobina","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hosseini-Sharifabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical\n                    Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,\n                    Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Omidifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education Research Center, Department of Pathology, Medical\n                    School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Nili-Ahmadabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan\n                    University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfad046","article-title":"High-throughput transcriptome sequencing reveals the protective role of\n                    adenosine receptor-related genes in paraquat-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"12","author":"L Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105278","article-title":"Phlebotomy-induced iron deficiency attenuates the pulmonary toxicity of paraquat\n                    in mice","volume":"188","author":"M Gohari-Piran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem 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