{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:34:12Z","timestamp":1790879652716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repetitive subconcussive head impacts occur regularly in sports. However, the\n                    exact relationship between their biomechanical properties and their consequences\n                    on brain structure and function has not been clarified yet. We therefore\n                    reviewed prospective cohort studies that objectively reported the biomechanical\n                    characteristics of repetitive subconcussive head impacts and their impact on\n                    brain anatomy and function. Only studies with a pre- to post-measurement design\n                    were included. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Structural white\n                    matter alterations, such as reduced fractional anisotropy and an increase in\n                    mean diffusivity values, seem to be evident in athletes exposed to repetitive\n                    subconcussive head impacts exceeding 10 g. Such changes are observable after\n                    only one season of play. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship exists\n                    between white matter abnormalities and the total number of subconcussive head\n                    impacts. However, functional changes after repetitive subconcussive head impacts\n                    remain inconclusive. We therefore conclude that repetitive subconcussive head\n                    impacts induce structural changes, but thus far without overt functional\n                    changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2342-3604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T23:12:46Z","timestamp":1718061166000},"page":"871-883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Repetitive Subconcussive Head Impacts in Sports and Their Impact on\n                    Brain Anatomy and Function: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8199-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Hack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Behavior in Sports, German Sport University\n                    Cologne, Koln, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhagyashree","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Behavior in Sports, German Sport University\n                    Cologne, Koln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Binkofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Cognitive Sciences, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen ,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Helmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Behavior in Sports, German Sport University\n                    Cologne, Koln, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Studies, Smith College, Northampton,\n                    United States"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychiatry, German\n                    Sport University Cologne, Koln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2298","article-title":"Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition","volume":"9","author":"C H Hillman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.08.011","article-title":"Repetitive soccer heading adversely impacts short-term learning among adult\n                    women","volume":"25","author":"K Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.12.007","article-title":"Potential Long-Term Consequences of Concussive and Subconcussive Injury","volume":"27","author":"B R Huber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N 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