{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:51:45Z","timestamp":1774518705331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to investigate whether the administration of\n                    gonadotropins to mimic the physiological development of infants with congenital\n                    hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) after birth can facilitate testicular\n                    descent, penile growth, and ultimately preserve fertility. This study included\n                    eight infants with CHH who received a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pump\n                    or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) combined with human menopausal\n                    gonadotropin (HMG) therapy at Beijing Children's Hospital from August 2018\n                    to March 2023. The age of the infants ranged from 6 months to 2 years. 2. For\n                    literature review, a search was conducted in the PubMed database using the\n                    keywords \u201ccongenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,\u201d \u201cinfants,\u201d and\n                    \u201cmini-puberty\u201d up until June 2023. After 1\u20133 months of treatment, significant\n                    increases were observed in PL and TV. The testes descended from the inguinal\n                    region to the scrotum. Serum T and INH-B levels increased from being\n                    undetectable to 737.1\u00b1409.5 ng\/dl and from 47.88\u00b123.03 to 168.94\u00b159.34 pg\/ml,\n                    respectively. In a comparative literature review of 22 infants with CHH, the age\n                    at treatment initiation ranged from 0.5 to 7.9 months. Treatment involved\n                    various dosages and durations, ranging from 2 to 6 months of subcutaneous\n                    injections of LH and FSH. Both therapies successfully improved PL, TV, and\n                    testicular descent; reduced the need for surgery; and were safe. This is the\n                    first report of the use of a GnRH pump for the treatment of infant CHH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2343-4696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T01:12:30Z","timestamp":1720573950000},"page":"18-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigational Treatment of Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism\n                    in Infants"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing\n                    Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s\n                    Health, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing\n                    Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s\n                    Health, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical\n                    University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunxiu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing\n                    Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s\n                    Health, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.164","article-title":"Neonatal gonadotropin therapy in male congenital hypogonadotropic\n                    hypogonadism","volume":"8","author":"C Bouvattier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7058","article-title":"A possible role for reproductive hormones in newborn boys: progressive\n                    hypogonadism without the postnatal testosterone peak","volume":"85","author":"K M Main","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000439051","article-title":"Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in infants with congenital hypopituitarism: a\n                    challenge to diagnose at an early stage","volume":"84","author":"D Braslavsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001419","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of human chorionic gonadotropin combined with human\n                    menopausal gonadotropin and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone pump for male\n                    adolescents with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"134","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1909","article-title":"Lack of androgen receptor expression in Sertoli cells accounts for the absence\n                    of anti-Mullerian hormone repression during early human testis development","volume":"94","author":"K Boukari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1079","article-title":"Time course of the serum gonadotropin surge, inhibins, and anti-M\u00fcllerian\n                    hormone in normal newborn males during the first month of life","volume":"91","author":"I Bergad\u00e1","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20754","article-title":"Ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in the fetal and postnatal testis:\n                    its relevance on Sertoli cell maturation and the onset of adult\n                    spermatogenesis","volume":"72","author":"R A Rey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"679","article-title":"Pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy: 2","volume":"42","author":"J S Winter","year":"1976","journal-title":"Patterns of serum gonadal steroid concentrations in man from birth to\n                    two years of age. 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treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with recombinant\n                    human FSH and LH","volume":"146","author":"K M Main","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez040","article-title":"Treatment of gonadotropin deficiency during the first year of life: long-term\n                    observation and outcome in five boys","volume":"34","author":"E Kohva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mini-puberty, physiological and disordered: consequences, and potential for\n                    therapeutic replacement","author":"J Rohayem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13257","article-title":"Society for endocrinology UK guidance on the evaluation of suspected disorders\n                    of sexual development: emphasizing the opportunity to predict adolescent\n                    pubertal failure through a neonatal diagnosis of absent minipuberty","volume":"86","author":"R Quinton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic 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