{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T05:25:41Z","timestamp":1730870741426,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction People addicted to illegal drugs were discussed as a risk\n                    group for SARS-CoV-2 infections, with increased susceptibility and a severe\n                    course of infection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods In this study, the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infections of\n                    drug-dependent persons admitted to inpatient detoxification treatment in five\n                    psychiatric hospitals was determined by implementing routine polymerase chain\n                    reaction (PCR)-testing at admission (9\/2020) up to one year. Main\n                    substance-related diagnosis, comorbid respiratory disease, housing situation,\n                    and current opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) were documented. An age-matched\n                    control group of psychiatric inpatients without dependence from illegal drugs\n                    was established.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results Data from 1675 patients (male 79.5%; mean age 39.5 years; opioid\n                    dependence 81.5% homelessness; 2.4%; chronic respiratory disease 6.3%) were\n                    included. Out of 1365 patients dependent on opioids, 50.2% were currently in\n                    OMT. Six (3 female; mean age 40.3 years) patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2\n                    by PCR (0.36%), and none showed symptoms of COVID-19. All six were opioid\n                    dependent, 5 currently not in OMT. In the control group, 11 out of 1811\n                    inpatients tested positive (0.61%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Discussion The rate of SARS-CoV-2-infections in persons with dependence on\n                    illegal drugs was not increased compared to a control group of psychiatric\n                    patients. OMT is presumably a protective factor, e.\u2009g. in the participating\n                    cities, OMT facilities offered an easy access to vaccination programs. In\n                    contrast, drug addicts in the USA were severely affected by the pandemic.\n                    Differences between countries might partially be explained by social factors\n                    such as the higher availability of OMT in Germany and a much lower frequency of\n                    homelessness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2345-7448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T22:56:43Z","timestamp":1722553003000},"page":"255-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2-Infection in People Addicted to Illegal Drugs \u2013 Is There a\n                    Protective Effect of Opioid Maintenance Treatment?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Kurzhals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Suchtmedizin und Psychosomatik,\n                    Kliniken Essen Mitte, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Suchtmedizin und Psychosomatik,\n                    Kliniken Essen Mitte, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Ev.\n                    Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Isbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Ev.\n                    Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"K\u00fchnhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Suchtmedizin, LWL-Kliniken Warstein und Lippstadt,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Timm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf,\n                    Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Specka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital\n                    Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital\n                    Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus\n                    disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"C Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00534-z","article-title":"Opioid overdose crises during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implication of health\n                    disparities","volume":"18","author":"I Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00367-0","article-title":"The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across different Cohorts","volume":"20","author":"K S Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.05.006","article-title":"Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: The forgotten vulnerable","volume":"183","author":"J A Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"133","article-title":"COVID-19 and substance use disorders: Recommendations to a comprehensive\n                    healthcare response. 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A cross-sectional study","volume":"152","author":"P Bruggmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02660-w","article-title":"A cross-section observational study on the seroprevalence of antibodies to\n                    COVID-19 in patients receiving opiate agonist treatment","volume":"191","author":"F Fenton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa181","article-title":"Clinical impact of COVID-19 on people with substance use disorders","volume":"43","author":"G Vallecillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"331","article-title":"Results of preoperative SARS-CoV-2 testing in the coronavirus pandemic","author":"M C Rassweiler-Seyfried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"137","article-title":"Estimation of the number of people with opioid addiction in Germany","volume":"116","author":"L Kraus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"3","article-title":"Seroepidemiologische Studien zu SARS-CoV-2 in Stichproben der\n                    Allgemeinbev\u00f6lkerung und bei Blutspenderinnen und Blutspendern in Deutschland \u2013\n                    Ergebnisse bis August 2021","volume":"37","author":"H Neuhauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epid Bull"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2230-3430","article-title":"Substitutionsbehandlung Opioidabh\u00e4ngiger unter den Bedingungen der COVID-19\n                    Pandemie \u2013 regionale Ergebnisse aus Nordrhein [Opioid maintenance therapy during\n                    COVID-19 \u2013 regional results from Germany]","volume":"25","author":"H Schecke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Suchttherapie"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254053","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1254053","article-title":"Opiate maintenance patients\u00b4 attitudes and self-reported adherence to protective\n                    measures against SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"14","author":"M Specka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.03.013","article-title":"Emergency department visits for nonfatal opioid overdose during the COVID-19\n                    pandemic across six US health care systems","volume":"79","author":"W E Soares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2067350","article-title":"Opioid overdose decedent characteristics during COVID-19","volume":"54","author":"G P Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103786","article-title":"Has the treatment gap for opioid use disorder narrowed in the U.S.? 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